Background:We objectively assessed the optical quality and intraocular scattering by means of parameters provided by a clinical double-pass system in healthy young subjects and thereby we obtained new reference data for clinical diagnosis. We calculated normal values of neural contrast sensitivity function (nCSF) from the measured modulation transfer function (MTF) and the contrast sensitivity function (CSF). Methods: Eligible subjects were healthy adults aged from 18 to 30 years with a logMAR visual acuity (VA) of 0.0 or better and normal values of CSF. Optical quality measurements for a 4.0 mm pupil were performed using the Optical Quality Analysis System (OQAS) based on the double-pass technique. The following parameters were analysed: the modulation transfer function cutoff frequency (MTF cutoff), the Strehl 2D ratio, the OQAS values (OV) at 100, 20 and nine per cent contrasts and the objective scatter index (OSI). Results: A total of 178 volunteers responded to the call, of whom 181 eyes were finally part of the study taking into account the criteria for inclusion. The values for the optical quality parameters were: 44.54 Ϯ 7.14 cpd (MTFcutoff), 0.27 Ϯ 0.06 (Strehl 2D ratio), 1.48 Ϯ 0.24 (OV100%), 1.58 Ϯ 0.32 (OV20%), 1.64 Ϯ 0.39 (OV9%), and 0.38 Ϯ 0.19 (OSI). The nCSF calculated was 1.76 Ϯ 0.21 (3 cpd), 2.13 Ϯ 0.23 (6 cpd), 2.01 Ϯ 0.28 (12 cpd) and 1.86 Ϯ 0.33 (18 cpd).
Conclusion:The normal values provided can be a useful tool for discriminating healthy eyes from early abnormal ones in which the optical quality or sensory function is impaired.
This study showed that DGF did not adversely affect kidney graft survival in patients without rejection. However, it increased the length of hospitalization and the number of graft biopsies, thus increasing the cost of transplantation. Moreover, rejection was more frequent in patients with DGF, and it had a negative impact on graft outcome. Because the association of DGF and rejection gave the poorest outcome, an effort should be made to prevent both complications.
Renal cell carcinoma represents 3 % of all cancers. Around 4–10 % of cases present with inferior vena cava involvement, generally with tumor thrombus. Clinical and preoperative stage will be classified depending of the thrombus extension. A high quality preoperative workup is essential to properly plan surgical approach. Complete surgical resection of the tumor is potentially the only curative treatment, although it supposes a real challenge due to operative difficulty, potential for massive bleeding or tumor pulmonary thromboembolism. Surgery includes techniques derived from transplantation surgery and, in some cases, cardiovascular intervention with cardiopulmonary bypass. Long-term oncological outcomes after complete removal of the entire tumor burden are acceptable. In this report we describe step-by-step surgical maneuvers depending on the thrombus lever, and focusing in complete abdominal approach for the complete excision of the tumor. Moreover, a recent literature review about oncological results is reported.
One third of patients had bone loss mainly during the first year of follow-up. Bone loss was associated to higher baseline BMD, high steroid dose, and lower calcitriol levels at 1 year. Late administration of calcitriol and calcium supplements did not improve posttransplant osteopenia. More than 50% of patients were osteopenic 4 years after transplantation.
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