Considering the usually accepted thresholds in oncology, pembrolizumab is a cost-effective alternative for treating patients with advanced melanoma in Portugal.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic has led to disruptive changes worldwide, with different implications across countries. The evolution of citizens' concerns and behaviours over time is a central piece to support public policies. Objective To unveil perceptions and behaviours of the Portuguese population regarding social and economic impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, allowing for more informed public policies. Methods Online panel survey distributed in three waves between March 13 th and May 6 th 2020. Data collected from a non-representative sample of 7,448 respondents includes socio-demographic characteristics and self-reported measures on levels of concern and behaviours related to COVID-19. We performed descriptive analysis and probit regressions to understand relationships between the different variables. Results Most participants (85%) report being at least very concerned with the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and social isolation reached a high level of adherence during the state of emergency. Around 36% of the sample anticipated consumption decisions, stockpiling ahead of the state of emergency declaration. Medical appointments suffered severe consequences, being re-rescheduled or cancelled. We find important variation in concerns with the economic impact across activity sectors.

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Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab (Nivo+Ipi) as first line advanced melanoma treatment across 3 European countries. MethOds: A cost-effectiveness model, using a three-state partitioned survival structure was developed. The model utilised the intent-to-treat 28-month progression-free survival data and overall survival data from the CheckMate 067 trial and a network meta-analysis which considers time-varying hazard ratios. The model utilised inputs for Greece, Spain and Portugal. The model considered a 30 year time horizon. Drug acquisition, administration, follow-up, subsequent therapy and adverse event costs were obtained via published unit prices and expert input on resource utilization. Adverse event frequencies were derived from the CheckMate 067 trial and published literature. Utility weights were also estimated from the trial, based on UK tariffs. The key comparators included in the analysis are nivolumab and ipilimumab monotherapy, however an additional comparison with pembrolizumab was considered in sensitivity analysis. Results: The incremental cost per quality adjusted life years (QALY) ratios (ICUR) were consistent across the three countries. Nivo+ Ipi had an ICUR ranging from