This meta-analysis provides insight into the role of overweight, obesity, and lack of physical activity on three routes of premature exit from paid employment. In order to protect workers against displacement from the labor force, particularly due to disability pension, workplace health prevention programs to reduce overweight and obesity and promote physical activity are urgently required. 233Review Scand J Work Environ Health. 2013;39(3):233-240 doi:10.5271/sjweh.3354 The contribution of overweight, obesity, and lack of physical activity to exit from paid employment: a meta-analysis by Suzan JW Robroek, PhD,1 Kerstin G Reeuwijk, MSc,1 Frances C Hillier, PhD,2 Clare L Bambra, PhD,2 Rogier M van Rijn, PhD, 1 Alex Burdorf PhD 1 Robroek SJW, Reeuwijk KG, Hillier FC, Bambra CL, van Rijn RM, Burdorf A. The contribution of overweight, obesity and lack of physical activity to exit from paid employment: a meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2013;39(3):233-240. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3354 Objectives The objective of this review was to analyze systematically the association between overweight, obesity, and lack of physical activity (PA) and exit from paid employment through disability pension, unemployment, and early retirement. We also aimed to identify the influence of study population and study design on the magnitude of this association. MethodsWe searched PubMed and Embase for English language, longitudinal, quantitative studies that described the relationship between overweight, obesity, or lack of PA and exit from work. A short checklist was used to assess the internal and external validity of the studies. We first estimated the pooled effects using a random effects model and then analyzed the influence of study and population characteristics on associations by stratified meta-analyses. ResultsIn total, 28 out of 1097 publications met the inclusion criteria. Obese [relative risk (RR)=1.53] and, to a lesser extent, overweight (RR=1.16) individuals had an increased likelihood of exit from paid employment through disability pension, but were not at statistically significant increased risk for unemployment or early retirement. Of 17 associations between a lack of PA and disability pension, 8 were statistically significant; this was also the case for 2 of 3 for unemployment. No associations were statistically significant for early retirement. ConclusionsObesity is a risk factor for exit from paid employment through disability pension. There are also indications that a lack of PA is related to an increased risk of disability pension and unemployment. To protect workers against premature exit from paid employment, long-term interventions to prevent overweight and obesity and promote PA in the working population should be considered for implementation.Key terms disability pension; early retirement; systematic review; unemployment. Life expectancy is steadily increasing in developed countries. Governments are seeking to increase the proportion of elderly persons in paid employment by both extending working li...
BackgroundTackling obesity is one of the major contemporary public health policy challenges and is vital in terms of addressing health inequalities.ObjectivesTo systematically review the effectiveness of interventions (individual, community and societal) in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in obesity among (1) children aged 0–18 years (including prenatal) and (2) adults aged ≥18 years, in any setting, in any country, and (3) to establish how such interventions are organised, implemented and delivered.Data sourcesNine electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO and NHS Economic Evaluation Database were searched from database start date to 10 October 2011 (child review) and to 11 October 2012 (adult review). We did not exclude papers on the basis of language, country or publication date. We supplemented these searches with website and grey literature searches.Review methodsPreferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Experimental studies and observational studies with a duration of at least 12 weeks were included. The reviews considered strategies that might reduce existing inequalities in the prevalence of obesity [i.e. effective targeted interventions or universal interventions that work more effectively in low socioeconomic status (SES) groups] as well as those interventions that might prevent the development of inequalities in obesity (i.e. universal interventions that work equally along the SES gradient). Interventions that involved drugs or surgery and laboratory-based studies were excluded from the reviews. The initial screening of titles and abstracts was conducted by one reviewer with a random 10% of the sample checked by a second reviewer. Data extraction was conducted by one reviewer and independently checked by a second reviewer. The methodological quality of the included studies was appraised independently by two reviewers. Meta-analysis and narrative synthesis were conducted focusing on the ‘best-available’ evidence for each intervention type (defined in terms of study design and quality).ResultsOf 56,967 papers of inequalities in obesity in children, 76 studies (85 papers) were included, and of 70,730 papers of inequalities in obesity in adults, 103 studies (103 papers) were included. These studies suggested that interventions that aim to prevent, reduce or manage obesity do not increase inequalities. For children, there was most evidence of effectiveness for targeted school-delivered, environmental and empowerment interventions. For adults, there was most evidence of effectiveness for primary care-delivered tailored weight loss and community-based weight loss interventions, at least in the short term among low-income women. There were few studies of appropriate design that could be included on societal-level interventions, a clear limitation of the evidence base found.LimitationsThe reviews located few evaluations of societal-level interventions and this was probably because they included only experimental study designs. The quality assessment tool, although described as a tool for public health interventions, seemed to favour those that followed a more clinical model. The implementation tool was practical but enabled only a brief summary of implementation factors to be made. Most of the studies synthesised in the reviews were from outside the UK and related to women.ConclusionsThe reviews have found some evidence of interventions with the potential to reduce SES inequalities in obesity and that obesity management interventions do not increase health inequalities. More experimental studies of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions (particularly at the societal level) to reduce inequalities in obesity, particularly among adolescents and adult men in the UK, are needed.Study registrationThe studies are registered as PROSPERO CRD42011001740 and CRD42013003612.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.
The aim of the present review was to perform a systematic in-depth review of the best evidence from controlled trial studies that have investigated the effects of nutrition, diet and dietary change on learning, education and performance in school-aged children (4 -18 years) from the UK and other developed countries. The twenty-nine studies identified for the review examined the effects of breakfast consumption, sugar intake, fish oil and vitamin supplementation and 'good diets'. In summary, the studies included in the present review suggest there is insufficient evidence to identify any effect of nutrition, diet and dietary change on learning, education or performance of school-aged children from the developed world. However, there is emerging evidence for the effects of certain fatty acids which appear to be a function of dose and time. Further research is required in settings of relevance to the UK and must be of high quality, representative of all populations, undertaken for longer durations and use universal validated measures of educational attainment. However, challenges in terms of interpreting the results of such studies within the context of factors such as family and community context, poverty, disease and the rate of individual maturation and neurodevelopment will remain. Whilst the importance of diet in educational attainment remains under investigation, the evidence for promotion of lower-fat, -salt and -sugar diets, high in fruits, vegetables and complex carbohydrates, as well as promotion of physical activity remains unequivocal in terms of health outcomes for all schoolchildren.
SNAP was developed to be a simple, quick and engaging method of assessing energy balance-related behaviours at a group or population level and succeeded because it can collect a whole day's recall (dietary intake and physical activities) in less than 25 min to a reasonable and acceptable degree of accuracy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.