This paper is dedicated to the memory of Professor Guido Altarelli who sadly passed away as it went to press. The results which it presents are founded on the principles and the formalism which he developed in his pioneering theoretical work on Quantum Chromodynamics in deep-inelastic lepton-nucleon scattering nearly four decades ago rent e ± p scattering for zero beam polarisation. The data were taken at proton beam energies of 920, 820, 575 and 460 GeV and an electron beam energy of 27.5 GeV. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of about 1 fb −1 and span six orders of magnitude in negative four-momentum-transfer squared, Q 2 , and Bjorken x. The correlations of the systematic uncertainties were evaluated and taken into account for the combination. The combined cross sections were input to QCD analyses at leading order, next-to-leading order and at next-to-next-to-leading order, providing a new set of parton distribution functions, called HERAPDF2.0. In addition to the experimental uncertainties, model and parameterisation uncertainties were assessed for these parton distribution functions. Variants of HERAPDF2.0 with an alternative gluon parameterisation, HERAPDF2.0AG, and using fixedflavour-number schemes, HERAPDF2.0FF, are presented. The analysis was extended by including HERA data on charm and jet production, resulting in the variant HERAPDF2.0Jets. The inclusion of jet-production cross sections made a simultaneous determination of these parton distributions and the strong coupling constant possible, resulting in α s (M 2 Z ) = 0.1183 ± 0.0009(exp) ± 0.0005(model/parameterisation) ± 0.0012(hadronisation) and results on electroweak unification and scaling violations are also presented. H1 and ZEUS

Measurements of open charm production cross sections in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA from the H1 and ZEUS Collaborations are combined. Reduced cross sections σ cc red for charm production are obtained in the kinematic range of photon virtuality 2.5 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 2000 GeV 2 and Bjorken scaling variable 3 · 10 −5 ≤ x ≤ 5 · 10 −2 . The combination method accounts for the correlations of the systematic uncertainties among the different data sets. The combined charm data together with the combined inclusive a e-mail: levy@alzt. deep-inelastic scattering cross sections from HERA are used as input for a detailed NLO QCD analysis to study the influence of different heavy flavour schemes on the parton distribution functions. The optimal values of the charm mass as a parameter in these different schemes are obtained. The implications on the NLO predictions for W ± and Z production cross sections at the LHC are investigated. Using the fixed flavour number scheme, the running mass of the charm quark is determined.

Most eukaryotic proteins are N-terminally acetylated. This modification can be recognized as a signal for selective protein degradation (degron) by the N-end rule pathways. However, the prevalence and specificity of such degrons in the proteome are unclear. Here, by systematically examining how protein turnover is affected by N-terminal sequences, we perform a comprehensive survey of degrons in the yeast N-terminome. We find that approximately 26% of nascent protein N termini encode cryptic degrons. These degrons exhibit high hydrophobicity and are frequently recognized by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Doa10, suggesting a role in protein quality control. In contrast, N-terminal acetylation rarely functions as a degron. Surprisingly, we identify two pathways where N-terminal acetylation has the opposite function and blocks protein degradation through the E3 ubiquitin ligase Ubr1. Our analysis highlights the complexity of N-terminal degrons and argues that hydrophobicity, not N-terminal acetylation, is the predominant feature of N-terminal degrons in nascent proteins.

Here we describe a C-SWAT library for high-throughput tagging of Saccharomyces cerevisiae open reading frames (ORFs). In 5,661 strains, we inserted an acceptor module after each ORF that can be efficiently replaced with tags or regulatory elements. We validated the library with targeted sequencing and tagged the proteome with bright fluorescent proteins to quantify the effect of heterologous transcription terminators on protein expression and to localize previously undetected proteins.