• Surgical site infection (SSI) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality following pediatric cardiac surgery. • Younger patients and longer cardiopulmonary bypass times are associated with higher SSI rates. What is New: • Comprehensive infection control program including preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative nonpharmacologic measures is a key factor for the prevention of SSI. • A significant reduction in SSI rates can be achieve despite a narrower-spectrum antibiotic usage.

Objective Scientific evidence supports the use of less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) techniques, but certain issues may be limiting its generalized incorporation in clinical practice. The objectives were to determine the level of acceptance of LISA techniques in Spanish hospitals, the types of methods used, the target population, and the premedication administered. Study Design An online survey was designed and sent to various secondary/tertiary hospitals in Spain. Results Among 67 neonatal units contacted, 44 (65.7%) participated. LISA was used in 89%, and those that did not perform the technique were contemplating its use in the future. In total, 77% of hospitals used some type of pharmacologic sedation/analgesia before the procedure: 28% always and 49% sometimes. In all cases, the reason for premedication was concerned about pain and discomfort. The types of drugs and doses varied. Conclusion LISA has been incorporated in clinical practice of the hospitals surveyed, with a utilization rate higher than what has been reported to date. Sedation and analgesia are commonly administered. LISA is viewed as potentially involving some degree of pain and discomfort. Further studies are needed to determine the safest and most effective pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures to apply in these procedures.

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A cross-sectional single-center study was designed to compare the fatty acids profile, particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels, between milk banking samples of donor human milk and mother’s own milk (MOM) for feeding preterm infants born before 32 weeks’ gestation. MOM samples from 118 mothers included colostrum (1–7 days after delivery), transitional milk (9–14 days), and mature milk (15–28 days and ≥29 days). In the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) group, the levels of α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) and DHA (C22:6 n3) showed opposite trends, whereas α-linolenic acid was higher in donor human milk as compared with MOM, with increasing levels as stages of lactation progressed, DHA levels were significantly lower in donor human milk than in MOM samples, which, in turn, showed decreasing levels along stages of lactation. DHA levels in donor human milk were 53% lower than in colostrum. Therefore, in preterm infants born before 32 weeks’ gestation, the use of pasteurized donor human milk as exclusive feeding or combined with breastfeeding provides an inadequate supply of DHA. Nursing mothers should increase DHA intake through fish consumption or nutritional supplements with high-dose DHA while breastfeeding. Milk banking fortified with DHA would guarantee adequate DHA levels in donor human milk.