SUMMARY How dietary fatty acids are absorbed into the enterocyte and transported to the ER is not established. We tested the possibility that caveolin-1 containing lipid rafts and endocytic vesicles were involved. Apical brush border membranes took up 15% of albumin bound 3H-oleate whereas brush border membranes from caveolin-1 KO mice took up only 1%. In brush border membranes, the 3H-oleate was in the detergent resistant fraction of an OptiPrep gradient. On OptiPrep gradients of intestinal cytosol, we also found the 3H-oleate in the detergent resistant fraction, separate from OptiPrep gradients spiked with 3H-oleate or 3H-triacylglycerol. Caveolin-1 immuno-depletion of cytosol removed 91% of absorbed 3H-oleate whereas immuno-depletion using IgG, or anti-caveolin-2 or −3 or anti-clathrin antibodies removed 20%. Electron microscopy showed the presence of caveolin-1 containing vesicles in WT mouse cytosol that were 4 fold increased by feeding intestinal sacs 1 mM oleate. No vesicles were seen in caveolin-1 KO mouse cytosol. Caveolin-1 KO mice gained less weight on a 23% fat diet and had increased fat in their stool compared to WT mice. We conclude that dietary fatty acids are absorbed by caveolae in enterocyte brush border membranes, are endocytosed, and transported in cytosol in caveolin-1 containing endocytic vesicles.

EVAR can be successfully performed by experienced interventional cardiologists with vascular surgical support in a community-based setting. In our experience, there is acceptable rate of complications and mortality in a carefully selected patient population.

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A 19-year-old man with noncirrhotic portal hypertension status post transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, gastric esophageal varices status post coil embolization, and thrombophilia because of Factor V Leiden heterozygosity presented with jaundice and elevated liver enzymes. His cholangiogram during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated biliary tract obstruction at the bifurcation of the right and left hepatic ducts. With the aid of digital single-operator cholangioscopy, the patient was found to have a perforation of the common hepatic duct from the shunt. This case presents a novel use for digital single-operator cholangioscopy in identifying this rare complication and appropriately differentiating biliary compression vs perforation from transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt.