Digital watermarking is playing a vital role in the improvement of authentication, security, and copyright protection in today’s digital transformation. The performance of this technique is shown to be impressive around the globe. Text, audio, video, and image data are acted as watermarks in the digital platform. In this article, a hybrid watermarking scheme is proposed to furnish the robustness and protection of digital data. This hybrid scheme is a form of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The embedding and extracting features are carried out through multi-level operations of DWT and SVD. Various attacks are added to the proposed method to justify the robustness of the watermark. In the end, the suggested approach is contrasted with existing methods to confirm the supremacy.
As the amount of information communicated through the virtual world grows dramatically day by day, data security becomes a significant concern while communicating over the internet. Steganography can play an integral part in safeguarding the data from unauthorized users through a hiding mechanism. This article describes a three-step steganographic algorithm. This algorithm applied QR factorization and singular value decomposition (SVD) in the non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) domain. First, this algorithm scrambles the secret image using Arnold transforms, and then NSCT decomposes the carrier and the scrambled hidden image into coefficient sub-bands. Second, the QR factorization and SVD are used on the specific coefficients of carrier and scrambled secret images, respectively. Finally, the modified secret image inserts into the carrier image for communication. The reverse mechanism is applied to discover the hidden message at the receiving end. The methodology gives superior imperceptibility as well as robustness. Furthermore, the anticipated strategy is compared with current methods in terms of effectiveness.
Objectives: To determine the frequency of multiple gestations in Kohat City. Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Place and Duration of Study: Labour Room and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), Combined Military Hospital, Kohat Pakistan, from Jan 2019 to Dec 2020. Methodology: We included 5285 women delivered at Combined Military Hospital, Kohat Pakistan, during our study period.Basic data were collected from medical record files, and further information was gathered through telephonic interviews with the patients. The frequency of multiple gestations was calculated and compared with local and international statistics.Results: Out of 5285 deliveries during the study period, there were significant twin pregnancies 156(2.95%) and triplet pregnancies 11(0.21%). 167(3.16%) multiple deliveries were managed at our centre. Further probing showed that 109(65.3%) women used induction medication from registered medical practitioners or quakes/ spiritual healers to get pregnant. Conclusions: Multiple gestations and the use of induction therapy are much higher in Kohat compared to other parts of the country.
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