A laboratory incubation study was conducted to determine the effects of soil aggregate size, soil moisture content and manure application on nitrous oxide (N 2 O) production through nitrification and denitrification. In Southern Hokkaido, soil samples were taken from a mineral soil layer (2.5-10 cm) of a grassland to which chemical fertilizer and manure had been applied. The soil aggregates were air-dried and sieved with 4.5 mm and 2 mm sieves, and the soil moisture was adjusted to 60% and 80% of field water capacity (FWC). Immediately after moistening, incubation was initiated and lasted for 9 days at 20 C. Following the start of incubation, a flush of N 2 O, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and nitric oxide (NO) was observed. Production of all gases was higher in larger aggregates from the manure-applied soil. Productions of CO 2 and NO were not significantly influenced by soil moisture content, but N 2 O production was considerably higher in 80% FWC as compared with 60% FWC. Based on the results of the N 2 O-nitrogen (N)/NO-N ratio, the process of N 2 O production was mainly due to nitrification in 60% FWC and denitrification in 80% FWC. Soil chemical properties, especially ammonium-N ðNH þ 4 -N), nitrate-N (NO 3 -N) and water extractable organic C (WEOC) and microbial biomass C (MBC) also changed immediately after moistening. These changes were higher in larger aggregates from the manure-applied soil. Potential denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) was significantly higher in larger aggregates from manure-applied soil with higher moisture content. The N 2 O production in both 60% and 80% FWC correlated significantly with MBC and DEA. Regardless of soil moisture conditions, MBC correlated significantly with DEA, WEOC consumption and apparent N mineralization. These facts suggest that larger soil aggregates could have quickly developed suitable internal conditions for microbial activity inside the aggregates and consequently stimulated N 2 O production through nitrification and denitrification.
Arsenotrophic bacteria play an essential role in lowering arsenic contamination by converting toxic arsenite [As (III)] to less toxic and less bio-accumulative arsenate [As (V)]. The current study focused on the qualitative and electrocatalytic detection of the arsenite oxidation potential of an arsenite-oxidizing bacteria A. xylosoxidans BHW-15 (retrieved from As-contaminated tube well water), which could significantly contribute to arsenic detoxification, accumulation, and immobilization while also providing a scientific foundation for future electrochemical sensor development. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value for the bacteria was 15 mM As (III). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) investigation validated its intracellular As uptake capacity and demonstrated a substantial association with the MIC value. During the stationary phase, the strain’s As (III) transformation efficiency was 0.0224 mM/h. Molecular analysis by real-time qPCR showed arsenite oxidase (aioA) gene expression increased 1.6-fold in the presence of As (III) compared to the untreated cells. The immobilized whole-cell also showed As (III) conversion up to 18 days. To analyze the electrochemical oxidation in water, we developed a modified GCE/P-Arg/ErGO-AuNPs electrode, which successfully sensed and quantified conversion of As (III) into As (V) by accepting electrons; implying a functional As oxidase enzyme activity in the cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the electrochemical observation of the As-transformation mechanism with Achromobactersp. Furthermore, the current work highlighted that our isolate might be employed as a promising candidate for arsenic bioremediation, and information acquired from this study may be helpful to open a new window for the development of a cost-effective, eco-friendly biosensor for arsenic species detection in the future.
Arsenotrophic bacteria contribute to the nutrient cycling in arsenic (As) affected groundwater. This study employed a culture-independent and -dependent investigation of arsenotrophic microbiomes in As affected groundwater samples collected from Madhabpur, Sonatengra, and Union Porishod in Singair Upazila, Manikganj, Bangladesh. Total As contents, detected by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) of the samples, were 47 µg/L (Madhabpur, SNGW-1), 53 µg/L (Sonatengra, SNGW-2), and 12 µg/L (Union porishod, SNGW-3), whereas the control well (SNGW-4; depths >150 m) showed As content of 6 µg/L. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of the amplified 16S rRNA gene from As-affected groundwater samples revealed the dominance of aerobic bacteria Pseudomonas within heterogeneous bacterial populations. DGGE of heterotrophic enrichments supplemented with arsenite [As (III)] for 4 weeks showed the dominance of Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, and Aquabacterium, whereas the dominant genera in that of autotrophic enrichments were Aeromonas, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas. Cultured bacteria retrieved from both autotrophic and heterotrophic enrichments were distinguished into nine genotypes belonging to Chryseobacterium, Acinetobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Janibacter, Staphylococcus, and Bacillus. They exhibited varying range of As(III) tolerance from 4 to 27 mM. As(III) transformation potential was confirmed within the isolates with oxidation rate as high as 0.143 mM/h for Pseudomonas sp. Sn 28. The arsenotrophic microbiome specifies their potential role in groundwater As-cycling and their genetic information provide the scientific basis for As-bioremediation.
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