Background Bangladesh is a densely populated country with a substandard healthcare system and a mediocre economic framework. Due to the enormous number of people who have been unaware until now, the development of COVID-19’s second-wave infection has become a severe threat. The present investigation aimed to characterize the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of COVID-19 in Bangladesh. Methods A cross-sectional analysis was carried out from all the other COVID-19 patients and confirmed by RT-PCR undergoing a specialized COVID-19 hospital. From March 1 to April 15, 2021, a total of 1326 samples were collected. Samples were only obtained from non-critical COVID-19 patients as critically ill patients required emergency intensive care medications. Then, from April 17 to May 03, 2021, SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical assessment was performed based on interim guidelines from the WHO. The diagnosis was conducted through RT-PCR. Later, identifying the symptomatic and asymptomatic patient based on checking the Clinical Observation Form (COF). The patients filled the COF form. Finally, statistical analyses were done using the SPSS 20 statistical program. Results In this investigation, a total of 326 patients were diagnosed as COVID-19 positive. Among them, approximately 19.02% (n = 62) were asymptomatic, and 80.98% (n = 264) were symptomatic. Here, the finding shows that the occurrence of this infection was varied depending on age, sex, residence, occupation, smoking habit, comorbidities, etc. However, Males (60.12%) were more affected than females (39.88%), and, surprisingly, this pandemic infected both urban and rural residents almost equally (urban = 50.92%; rural = 49.08%). Approximately 19% of the asymptomatic and 62% of symptomatic cases had at least one comorbid disorder. Interestingly, an unexpected result was exhibited in the case of smokers, where non-smokers were more affected than smokers. The study indicates community transmission of COVID 19, where people were highly infected at their occupations (35.58%), at houses (23.93%) and by traveling (12.88%). Noteworthy, according to this report, a large number (19.33%) of individuals did not know exactly how they were contaminated with SARS-CoV-2. Patients were most commonly treated by an antibiotic 95.09%, followed in second by corticosteroid 46.01%. Anti-viral drugs, remdesivir, and oxygenation are also needed for other patients. Among those, who were being treated, approximately 69.33% were isolated at home, 27.91% were being treated at dedicated COVID-19 hospitals. Finally, 96.63% were discharged without complications, and 0.03% has died. Conclusion This investigation concludes that males became more infected than females. Interestingly, both urban and rural people became nearly equally infected. It noticed community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, where people were highly infected at their workplaces. A higher rate of silent transmissio...

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Senescence is a cellular response towards various stresses, characterized by the permanent proliferative arrest on cells. 1 Pharmacological and/or genetic ablation of senescence/senescent cells improve health outcomes and extend the lifespan. 2 Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated cellular catabolic process, implicated with cellular senescence. In regulating the cellular homeostasis, autophagy usually suppresses cellular senescence by eliminating damaged cytoplasmic organelles and macromolecules. 3 In contrast, autophagy can also be activated by cellular senescence and up-regulated in senescent cells. 3 Under normal physiological conditions, cellular autophagy occurs at low baseline levels, which are up-regulated under various pathological conditions such as oxidative stress, starvation

Senescence is a cellular process that implements permanent cell cycle arrest in response to various stimuli, such as oxidative stress, telomere loss, chemotherapeutic drugs, DNA damage and oncogenic signalling. 1,2 The elevated intensity of senescent cells mainly exists in ageing tissues, because of its implication with ageing. 1 Ablation of senescent cells by mechanical or other means improve health outcome as well as prolongs biological ageing. 3 Activation of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) in the senescent cell is considered as the hallmark of cellular senescence. 4,5 Although the maximum beta-galactosidase activity can be seen at

The aim of this retrospective study was to elucidate the characteristics of the patients with goiter in Sulaimani teaching hospital. A total of 140 patients entered this study The mean age was 30 years. The female : male ratio was 4:1, and 2/3'd of females were housewives and about 2/3'd of males were self-employed. About half of the cases had goiter of more than a year and 1/3'd of the cases had a positive family history of goiter. Lipidol was a significant factor in the development of thyrotoxicosis . 10% of the cases had emotional upheavals preceding thyrotoxicosis. In conclusion :Goiter is increasing in Sulaimani territory with an increasing costs on the governments and the local health services which requires extra-ordinary steps for propaganda and education to encourage people to use iodized table salts routinely to prevent the disease. The increased incidence of thyrotoxicosis in this area is multifactorial including the very stressful life-style of the people in this mountainous area and the sudden introduction of lipidol to patients with avid, enlarged thyroid gland , and on the top of that the changes in the diet patterns due to sudden opening of free markets in the recent years all might be contributory factors.