The test principle and the optimization of the reactive ingredients are described for the one-step dip and-read immunochromatographic FRONTLINE rapid tests for drugs-of-abuse testing in urine samples. In a multicenter evaluation the rapid tests were compared with FPIA and EMIT immunoassays. Discrepant results were further analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. In the comparison of the cannabinoids rapid tests versus both immunoassays using clinical and forensic urine samples (399 versus FPIA and 755 versus EMIT), sensitivities and specificities were 97% or better for both comparisons. For cocaine, a sensitivity of 100% versus both routine technologies was obtained, whereas the specificity was reduced somewhat to 91% because of some cross-reactivity with metabolites of methadone and of clozapine. Specificity was very high for the cocaine rapid tests (98-100%) when applied to urine samples of persons not in a methadone maintenance program. Sensitivities and specificities for the opiates rapid tests were 99% or better at all sites when compared with the routine methods. In the screening of about 1200 clinical urine samples for cannabinoids, cocaine or opiates misuse only six samples would have stayed undetected by rapid test analyzes. These results show the FRONTLINE assays allow a reliable and immediate screening for drugs of abuse.
1. Serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels, distribution and composition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions and lecithin:cholesterol acryltransferase activity were analysed in nine normolipidaemic subjects, in whom a hypertriglyceridaemic state was induced by the acute administration of ethanol (40 g) plus fat (70 g) or of fat only. 2. Triglyceride (TG) levels increased by 180% 4-6 h after fat plus ethanol intake, the hypertriglyceridaemic response being inversely correlated with the basal HDL2 mass (r = -0.82). Serum apolipoprotein (apo) B levels rose by 8%, HDL-cholesterol decreased by 10% and HDL-TG increased by 57% at 6-8 h. 3. When ethanol was omitted, serum cholesterol and TG rose by 6% and 70%, respectively; both apo AI and apo B levels went up by 8%, whereas HDL-cholesterol rose progressively (15%) at 12 h. 4. The flotation rates of both HDL2 and HDL3 increased, reaching a maximum 6-8 h after ethanol plus fat intake. These changes were due to an increase in TG and phospholipid contents, whereas cholesteryl esters and proteins decreased. 5. The alterations in HDL are attributable to the increase in TG-rich lipoproteins, to the stimulated cholesterol esterification (+15%) and to an enhanced transfer of newly formed cholesteryl esters to apo-B-containing lipoproteins in exchange for TG. 6. Changes in HDL properties were evident only when ethanol was given concomitantly with fat. 7. These findings suggest that in the postprandial phase lipoprotein changes may occur, which facilitate an improved removal of cholesterol from tissues.
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