To determine the influence of free fatty acid (FFA) content on the subsequent nutritive value of fats, the following were studied: tallow (FFA content of 138.4 g/kg) and tallow acid oil (FFA = 952.1 g/kg) in Experiment 1; palm oil (FFA = 57.5 g/kg) and palm acid oil (FFA = 917.5 g/kg) in Experiment 2; and soybean oil (FFA = 14.4 g/kg) and soybean acid oil (FFA = 683.4 g/kg) in Experiment 3. The two fats within each experiment were blended in proportions to give three mixtures of intermediary FFA content. Thus, each experiment investigated five fats by substituting them into a basal diet at the expense of the energy-yielding ingredients at rates of 40, 80, and 120 g/kg. Experimental diets were evaluated for apparent fat availability (AFA) of broiler chicks 1.5 and 7.5 wk of age. Corresponding values for fats were obtained through extrapolation of the linear response, or interpolation of the quadratic response, of AFA of diets. The AME was calculated as the product of fat AFA and gross energy. The degree of saturation had a pronounced effect upon the AME of fats; values decreased in the following order: soybean oil, tallow, and palm oil. Overall AME of fats linearly decreased with increasing FFA content, and the decrease was more pronounced with the younger birds. This rate of reduction appeared to be influenced by degree of saturation of the fat, but only with younger birds. Thus, AME of fats declined from 30.9 to 20.4, 27.7 to 14.8, and 38.5 to 33.1 MJ/kg (1 MJ = .239 Mcal) for young birds in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Corresponding data for older birds were from 32.9 to 28.3, 32.3 to 27.5, and 38.5 to 35.1 MJ/kg. Effects of rate of inclusion of fats were minor and, generally, were confined to fats of a higher degree of saturation with greater contents of FFA evaluated with younger birds.
RESUMOEste experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar algumas características da silagem de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha Stapf cv. Marandu) submetida a diferentes tempos de emurchecimento. O delineamento experimental usado foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram tempos de emurchecimento de zero, duas, quatro e seis horas após o corte, em pleno sol. A gramínea foi colhida com aproximadamente 90 dias de rebrota e permaneceu ensilada por 40 dias em silos experimentais de canos de PVC. Determinaram-se os valores de pH, poder tampão (PT) e os teores de MS, PB, FDN, FDA e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH 3 ). Pelas características analisadas, pôde-se concluir que o capim-marandu ensilado após emurchecimento de 1,32 a 3,02 horas pode ser satisfatoriamente armazenado na forma de silagem, conciliando vantagens operacionais e de qualidade da forragem. Termos para indexação:Emurchecimento, matéria seca, nitrogênio amoniacal, pH, proteína bruta. ABSTRACTThe experiment was conducted with the objective to evaluate some characteristics of the silage of marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha Stapf cv. Marandu) submitted to different wilting times. The completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates was used. The treatments were wilting time of zero, two, four and six hours after the cut, in broad sunligth. The grass was harvested after 90 days of sprouting and stored for 40 days in experimental silos of PVC tube. pH values, buffer power (BC) and contents of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and ammonium nitrogen (N-NH 3 ) were determined. The analyzed characteristics allowed to conclude that marandu grass stored after wilting of 1,32 at 3,02 hours, could be preserved satisfactorily in the form of silage, conciliating operationals advantages and forage quality. Index terms:Wilting, dry matter, ammonium nitrogen, pH, crude protein. INTRODUÇÃOAs forrageiras tropicais apresentam elevada produção de matéria seca, com estacionalidade marcante entre as estações das "águas" e "seca". A estacionalidade determina distribuição desuniforme da produção ao longo do ano, indicando grande potencial para conservação de forragens por meio da ensilagem e/ou fenação. Entretanto, essas forrageiras apresentam baixo teor de matéria seca, alto poder-tampão e baixo teor de carboidratos solúveis nos estágios de crescimento em que apresentam bom valor nutritivo, colocando em risco o processo de conservação por meio da ensilagem, devido às possibilidades de surgirem fermentações secundárias.A remoção parcial de água da planta, por meio do emurchecimento ou pré-secagem, pode ser uma opção interessante, por proporcionar condições ideais para o crescimento de bactérias láticas, e assim permitir que o excedente da forragem produzida nas pastagens ou em áreas de cultivo exclusivas para o corte possa ser armazenado e utilizado na alimentação dos animais durante o período de escassez (PEREIRA e REIS, 2001).A produção de silagem pré-secada é considerada atualmente uma ferramenta indispensável pa...
Soybean oil and tallow acid oil were blended in the ratio 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 to give 3 blends (A, B, and C) of increasing free fatty acid (FFA) content but decreasing ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids (U:S). Tallow and soybean acid oil were blended in similar proportions to give three blends (D, E, and F) of increasing FFA content and increasing U:S ratio. The six fats were incorporated into a basal diet at rates of 40, 80, and 120 g/kg. Experimental diets were evaluated for apparent available fat (AAF) with broilers aged 1.5 and 7.5 wk of age. The AAF of fats was calculated from extrapolation of the regression of AAF of diets to rate of inclusion of fats. The AME of fats was determined as the product of AAF and gross energy. Increasing FFA content but reducing U:S ratio lowered the AME giving 31.1, 28.7, and 21.7 MJ/kg (1 MJ = .239 Mcal) and 33.2, 31.5, and 28.4 MJ/kg, respectively, for A, B, and C for young and old birds. Corresponding data for D, E, and F (increasing FFA content and U:S ratio) were 27.7, 28.0, and 29.4 MJ/kg and 31.8, 32.9, and 33.3 MJ/kg, respectively, for young and old birds. Data generated, together with results from previous reports, were subject to regression analysis. The AME of fats could be predicted from knowledge of U:S ratio and FFA content with equations accounting for .816 and .925 of the variation in AME values for young and old birds, respectively.
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