The CMS detector at the CERN LHC features a silicon pixel detector as its innermost subdetector. The original CMS pixel detector has been replaced with an upgraded pixel system (CMS Phase-1 pixel detector) in the extended year-end technical stop of the LHC in 2016/2017. The upgraded CMS pixel detector is designed to cope with the higher instantaneous luminosities that have been achieved by the LHC after the upgrades to the accelerator during the first long shutdown in 2013–2014. Compared to the original pixel detector, the upgraded detector has a better tracking performance and lower mass with four barrel layers and three endcap disks on each side to provide hit coverage up to an absolute value of pseudorapidity of 2.5. This paper describes the design and construction of the CMS Phase-1 pixel detector as well as its performance from commissioning to early operation in collision data-taking.
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Long-term monitoring of the organic aerosol is important for epidemiological studies, validation of atmospheric models, and air quality management. In this study, we apply a recently developed filter-based offline methodology of the aerosol mass spectrometer to investigate the regional and seasonal differences of contributing organic aerosol sources. We present offline-AMS measurements for particulate matter smaller than 10&#8201;&#956;m 9 stations in central Europe with different exposure characteristics for the entire year of 2013 (819 samples). The focus of this study is a detailed source apportionment analysis (using PMF) including in-depth assessment of the related uncertainties. Primary organic aerosol (POA) is separated in three components: hydrocarbon-like OA which is related to traffic emissions (HOA), cooking OA (COA), and biomass-burning OA (BBOA). We observe enhanced production of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in summer, following the increase in biogenic emissions with temperature (summer oxygenated OA, SOOA). In addition, a SOA component was extracted that correlated with anthropogenic secondary inorganic species which is dominant in winter (winter oxygenated OA, WOOA). A factor (SC-OA) explaining sulfur-containing fragments (CH<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>), which has an event-driven temporal behavior, was also identified. The relative yearly average factor contributions range for HOA from 3 to 15&#8201;%, for COA from 3 to 31&#8201;%, for BBOA from 11 to 61&#8201;%, for SC-OA from 5 to 23&#8201;%, for WOOA from 14 to 28&#8201;%, and for SOOA from 14 to 40&#8201;%. The uncertainty of the relative average factor contribution lies between 5 and 9&#8201;% of OA. At the sites north of the alpine crest, the sum of HOA, COA, and BBOA (POA) contributes less to OA (POA/OA&#8201;=&#8201;0.3) than at the southern alpine valley sites (0.6). BBOA is the main contributor to POA with 88&#8201;% in alpine valleys and 43&#8201;% north of the alpine crest. Furthermore, the influence of primary biological particles (PBOA), not resolved by PMF, is estimated and could contribute significantly to OA in PM10.</p>
Using 448.0 × 10 6 ψ(3686) events collected with the BESIII detector, an amplitude analysis is performed for ψ(3686) → γχc1, χc1 → ηπ + π − decays. The most dominant two-body structure observed is a0 (980) ± π ∓ ; a0(980) ± → ηπ ± . The a0(980) line shape is modeled using a dispersion relation, and a significant non-zero a0(980) coupling to the η ′ π channel is measured. We observe χc1 → a2(1700)π production for the first time, with a significance larger than 17σ. The production of mesons with exotic quantum numbers, J P C = 1 −+ , is investigated, and upper limits for the branching fractions χc1 → π1(1400) ± π ∓ , χc1 → π1(1600) ± π ∓ , and χc1 → π1(2015) ± π ∓ , with subsequent π1(X) ± → ηπ ± decay, are determined.
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