Factors influencing the occurrence and costs of pinhole leak corrosion in suburban Washington, D.C., were analyzed. A mail survey of households was used to elicit experiences and repair costs associated with pinhole leaks. Regression analyses, with correction for sample selection bias, were used to analyze survey responses regarding leak occurrences and costs. Pinhole leak occurrences were found to be associated with plumbing type, property age, pipe failure history, and dwelling distance from a water treatment plant. The number and location of pinhole leaks in the dwelling and the pipe type are associated with the financial costs of pinhole leaks. For example, repair costs of leaks occurring in the basement are much lower compared with repair costs on the second floor. Faster responses to pinhole leak outbreaks by utility managers and policymakers would reduce costs of pinhole leak repairs. Expanding state‐funded property insurance to cover damage from leaks when private insurance coverage is inadequate would also be beneficial.
Lee et al | http://dx.
AHP-analytical hierarchical process, CA-conjoint analysis, PEX-cross-linked polyethylene
Copper
PEX
Epoxy coatingLee et al | http://dx.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused an overwhelming healthcare, economic, social, and psychological impact on the world during 2020 and first part of 2021. Certain populations, especially those with Substance Use Disorders (SUD), were particularly vulnerable to contract the virus and also likely to suffer from a greater psychosocial and psychological burden. COVID-19 and addiction are two conditions on the verge of a collision, potentially causing a major public health threat. There is surge of addictive behaviors (both new and relapse), including use of alcohol, nicotine, and recreational drugs. This book chapter analyzed the bi-directional relationship between COVID-19 and SUD by leveraging descriptive summaries, advanced analytics, and machine learning approaches. The data sources included healthcare claims dataset as well as state level alcohol consumption to help in investigating the bi-directional relationship between the two conditions. Results suggest that alcohol and nicotine use increased during the pandemic and that the profile of SUD patients included diagnoses and symptoms of COVID-19, depression and anxiety, as well as hypertensive conditions.
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