Aviation is responsible for an increasing share of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. Decarbonization to 2050 is expected to rely on renewable jet fuel (RJF) derived from biomass, but this represents a radical departure from the existing regime of petroleum-based fuels. Increased market deployment will require signifi cant cost reductions, alongside adaptation of existing supply chains and infrastructure. This paper maps development and manufacturing efforts for six RJF production pathways expected to reach commercialization in the next 5-10 years. A Rapid Evidence Assessment was conducted to evaluate the technological and commercial maturity of each pathway and progress toward international certifi cation, using the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative's Fuel Readiness Level (FRL) framework. Planned and operational facilities have been cataloged alongside partnerships with the aviation industry. Policy and economic factors likely to affect future development and deployment are considered. Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (FRL 9) is the most developed pathway. It is ASTM certifi ed, has fuelled the majority of RJF fl ights to date, and is produced at three commercial-scale facilities. Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels are moving toward the start-up of fi rst commercial facilities (FRL 7 and 8), although widespread deployment seems unlikely under current market conditions. The Direct Sugars to Hydrocarbons conversion pathway (FRL 5-7) is being championed by Amyris and Total in Brazil, but has yet to be demonstrated at scale. Other pathways are in the demonstration and pilot phases (FRL 4-6). Despite growing interest in RJF, demand and production volumes remain negligible. Development of supportive policy is likely to be critical to future deployment.
Abstract-Micro Combined Heat and Power (micro-CHP) generators combine the benefits of the high-efficiency cogeneration technology and microgeneration and is being promoted as a means of lowering greenhouse gas emissions by decentralizing the power network. Life Cycle Assessment of energy systems is becoming a part of decision making in the energy industry, helping manufacturers promote their low carbon devices, and consumers choose the most environmentally friendly options.This report summarizes a preliminary life-cycle energy and carbon analysis of a wall-hung gas-powered domestic micro-CHP device that is commercially available across Europe. Combining a very efficient condensing boiler with a Stirling engine, the device can deliver enough heat to cover the needs of a typical household (up to 24kW) while generating power (up to 1kW) that can be used locally or sold to the grid. Assuming an annual heat production of 20 MWh, the study has calculated the total embodied energy and carbon emissions over a 15 years operational lifetime at 1606 GJ and 90 tonnes of CO2 respectively.Assuming that such a micro CHP device replaces the most efficient gas-powered condensing boiler for domestic heat production, and the power generated substitutes electricity from the grid, the potential energy and carbon savings are around 5000 MJ/year and 530 kg CO2/year respectively. This implies a payback period of the embodied energy and carbon at 1.32 -2.32 and 0.75 -1.35 years respectively.Apart from the embodied energy and carbon and the respective savings, additional key outcomes of the study are the evaluation of the energy intensive phases of the device's life cycle and the exploration of potential improvements.
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