Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) and resultant inflammation are critical pathological features of Alzheimer disease (AD). Microglia, a primary immune cell in brain, ingests and degrades extracellular Aβ fibrils via the lysosomal system. Autophagy is a catabolic process that degrades native cellular components, however, the role of autophagy in Aβ degradation by microglia and its effects on AD are unknown. Here we demonstrate a novel role for autophagy in the clearance of extracellular Aβ fibrils by microglia and in the regulation of the Aβ-induced NLRP3 (NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome using microglia specific atg7 knockout mice and cell cultures. We found in microglial cultures that Aβ interacts with MAP1LC3B-II via OPTN/optineurin and is degraded by an autophagic process mediated by the PRKAA1 pathway. We anticipate that enhancing microglial autophagy may be a promising new therapeutic strategy for AD.
BackgroundThere are few previous studies investigating the relationship of dental fear and anxiety (DFA) with dental pain among children and adolescents. To address this issue, we examined the literature published between November 1873 and May 2015 to evaluate the prevalence of DFA and dental pain among children and adolescents, and their relationships with age and sex.MethodsWe performed a broad search of the PubMed database using 3 combinations of the search terms dental fear, anxiety, and dental pain and prevalence. A large proportion of the identified articles could not be used for the review due to inadequate end points or measures, or because of poor study design. Thirty-two papers of acceptable quality were identified and reviewed.ResultsWe found that the prevalence of DFA was estimated to be 10%, with a decrease in prevalence with age. It was more frequently seen in girls, and was related to dental pain.ConclusionsWe concluded that dental fear, anxiety, and pain are common, and several psychological factors are associated with their development. In order to better understand these relationships, further clinical evaluations and studies are required.
Polymerization of rigid organic building blocks with multiple reactive functional groups yields microporous organic networks [1][2][3][4][5][6] whose pore sizes approach molecular length scales. Because molecules may be selectively adsorbed or transported inside these pores, the networks are promising for molecular storage, separation, delivery, or catalysis.However, most of the organic networks synthesized to date were produced as intractable solids and therefore their post-processing and chemical functionalization were limited. Recent research on use of the networks concern mainly storage or capture of molecules in their as-produced solid forms. [7][8][9][10][11][12] Here we present the first sol-gel-processable, microporous organic molecular networks which are synthesized by a two-stage mechanism involving the formation of colloidal dispersions and the subsequent growth to monolithic networks by solvent evaporation, analogous to the sol-gel synthesis of inorganic oxide networks. The resultant microporous organic networks, the pore functionality of which may be tunable by varying the constituent molecular units, are readily processable into coatings, free-standing films, nanoparticles with desired surface functionalities, and nanocomposites with other polymer matrices.Microporous organic materials composed of rigid covalent networks include covalent organic frameworks (COF), [1,2,[6][7][8]13] polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs), [5,[14][15][16] hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs), [12,[17][18][19] and other polymer networks. [3,4,15,20,21] If these organic networks were made solution-processable without sacrificing their thermal or dimensional stability, their unique microporosity could be exploited for a broad range of applications. In particular, solution-processable covalent organic networks may provide novel molecular separation membranes, which were thought to be offered only by porous organics with nonnetwork structures. [22,23] For inorganic oxide networks, solution processing is enabled by the sol-gel mechanism, [24,25] in which the networks grow in a fractal manner by hydrolysis and condensation of monomers in the early stage of reaction, and then further monomer consumption leads to colloidal dispersions (sols) which, upon evaporation of the solvent, yield bulk networks by interparticle condensation. In this regard, we introduce the first organic system that yields molecular networks by a solgel polymerization mechanism. Figure 1 illustrates the general scheme of the organic solgel processing method. We employed condensation of amine and isocyanate monomer pairs containing tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)methane [26] or tetrakis(4-isocyanatophenyl)methane [27] as network former. The resultant networks consist of tetrahedral arms that are linked three dimensionally via urea moieties, ÀNHCONHÀ. The urea-forming condensation reaction is advantageous because the reaction can be performed at ambient temperature without releasing byproduct molecules that may be trapped inside the network. In the model, gray, r...
Local leakage of bone cement was more common for percutaneous vertebroplasty compared with kyphoplasty (P<0.005). The most common sites of local leakage were perivertebral soft tissue and perivertebral vein.
Nanostructured semiconducting metal oxides and particularly nanofiber-based photoelectrodes can provide enhanced energy conversion efficiencies in dye-sensitized solar cells ͑DSSCs͒. In this study ZnO/poly͑vinyl acetate͒ composite nanofiber mats were directly electrospun onto a glass substrate coated with F : SnO 2 , then hot pressed at 120°C and calcined at 450°C. This resulted in multiple nanofiber networks composed of a twisted structure of 200-500 nm diameter cores with ϳ30 nm single grains. The DSSCs using ZnO nanofiber mats exhibited a conversion efficiency of 1.34% under 100 mW/ cm 2 ͑AM-1.5G͒ illumination.
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