Given photovoltaics' (PVs) constant improvements in terms of material usage and energy efficiency, this paper provides a timely update on their life-cycle energy and environmental performance. Single-crystalline Si (sc-Si), multi-crystalline Si (mc-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) systems are analysed, considering the actual country of production and adapting the input electricity mix accordingly. Energy pay-back time (EPBT) results for fixed-tilt ground mounted installations range from 0.5 years for CdTe PV at high-irradiation (2300 kWh/(m 2¨y r)) to 2.8 years for sc-Si PV at low-irradiation (1000 kWh/(m 2¨y r)), with corresponding quality-adjusted energy return on investment (EROI PE-eq ) values ranging from over 60 to~10. Global warming potential (GWP) per kWh el averages out at~30 g (CO 2 -eq), with lower values (down to~10 g) for CdTe PV at high irradiation, and up to~80 g for Chinese sc-Si PV at low irradiation. In general, results point to CdTe PV as the best performing technology from an environmental life-cycle perspective, also showing a remarkable improvement for current production modules in comparison with previous generations. Finally, we determined that one-axis tracking installations can improve the environmental profile of PV systems by approximately 10% for most impact metrics.

No abstract