Exploration of natural compound for the treatment of dental-related problems are gaining of interest for enhancing therapeutic efficacy of the drugs delivery system. In this study, we have prepared terpenoid, which have been isolated from Myrmecodia pendens Merr & Perry from Papua Island, Indonesia, to be encapsulated in Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), as the most widely used biodegradable polymer for biomedical applications, through one step single-emulsion method followed by subsequent coating by poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The resultant of terpenoid-loaded PLGA microparticles were characterized systematically through scanning electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In vitro drug release test was evaluated through dialysis method. Antibacterial test was conducted against Enterococcus faecalis as a model for persistent bacteria that causes root canal infections. The results showed that terpenoid-loaded PLGA microparticles were developed in spherical morphology with an average particle size of around 1-2μm. Terpenoid released from PLGA compartment at pH 6.5 and temperature of 37°C through a controlled-release profile mechanism with enhanced prolonged release. The bacterial assay result showed that terpenoid-loaded PLGA microparticles could reduce Enterococcus faecalis, effectively. Eventually, these result show that terpenoid-loaded PLGA microparticles as unique natural product-based extract could be developed as a potential naturally-based drug for dental-related diseases applications.
Bacterial cellulose-based carbon nanotube has been synthesized by catalytic graphitization method. Bacterial cellulose (BS) is a source of cellulose produced from fermentation of medium by Acetobacter xylinum. Since it contains unbranch polymer linked by β-1.4 glucopyronose with hydroxil groups, BS is able to use as precursor in synthesis of carbon nanotube. Due to catalytic graphitization, chitosan served as coupling agent and dispersant of catalyst and various concentration of catalyst FeCl3.6H2O also were used. Graphitization was conducted in furnace with inert nitrogen gas atmosphere at 800°C for 2 hours. SEM-EDS were used to evaluate the morphology and semi-quantitative analysis of sample. TEM was used to determine the microstructures and crystallographic. When the chitosan was added 0.5%, its served as coupling agent and dispersant of catalyst with BS. Chitosan improved physical properties, relieved its brittleness, and caused the optical properties of BS. Catalyst of FeCl3.6H2O was used to assist the formation and growth of carbon nanotube. The amount of carbon was not affected by time aging. 0.1 M FeCl3.6H2O was the optimum concentration to produce carbon nanotube with 81, 58% the mass of carbon, plane orientation (002) (100) and the diameter of carbon nanotube is 25 nm.
Various bioceramic materials including zirconia and hydroxyapatite have been developed for various applications. Hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp) is one of the most interesting features of calcium phosphate-based bioceramic that widely used in various applications especially for bio-application, bone engineering, and dentistry. However, the applications of pristine HAp have limited due to low load bearing applications. The wet chemical precipitation techniques was used to synthesize the solids based on zirconia. Hydroxyapatite and zirconia powder (0-30 weight %) were mixed homogeneously. Structure and morphological were characterized by SEM JEOL-JSM-T330A. The presence of functional group was observed by FTIR. Hardness value of material was measured by using Vickers hardness test measurement. Through this techniques, pure hydroxyapatite precipitate was obtained. Sintering temperature is an important factor that could influence the hardness of zirconia-doped hydroxyapatite. Based on the SEM observation, zirconia-doped hydroxyapatite were developed in blended morphology. FTIR results shows the interaction between hydroxyapatite and zirconia. Increasing zirconia increased the hardness value of zirconia-doped hydroxyapatite. Eventually, these ceramic-based materials could be developed for dental materials applications.
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