BackgroundSleep disturbance and depression are commonly encountered in primary care. In sickle cell disease, depression is associated with pain, poor treatment compliance, and lower quality of life. The prevalence of sleep disturbance and its effect upon quality of life in adults with sickle cell disease is unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of sleep disturbance and if it is associated with pain and depression in sickle cell disease.MethodsThree hundred twenty eight adults with sickle cell disease enrolled on the Bethesda Sickle Cell Cohort Study were assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Beck Depression Inventory II screening measures as a cross-sectional survey. Scores greater than 5 (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and 16 (Beck Depression Inventory II) defined sleep disturbance and depression, respectively. Clinical and laboratory parameters were also assessed.ResultsThe mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was 8.4 (SD ± 4.2) indicating a 71.2% prevalence of sleep disturbance. The mean Beck Depression Inventory II score was 8.0 (SD ± 8.9). Sixty five (20.6%) participants had a score indicating depression, and half of these (10.0%) had thoughts of suicide. Both Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Beck Depression Inventory II scores were significantly correlated (p < .001). The number of days with mild/moderate pain (p = .001) and a history of headaches (p = .005) were independently associated with depression by multivariate regression analysis. Patients with sleep disturbance were older (p = .002), had higher body mass index (p = .011), had more days of pain (p = .003) and more frequent severe acute painful events (emergency room visits and hospitalizations) during the previous 12 months (p < .001).ConclusionsMore than 70 percent of adults with sickle cell disease had sleep disturbance, while 21 percent showed evidence of clinical depression. Sleep disturbance and depression were correlated, and were most common among those with more frequent pain. Providers caring for adults with sickle cell disease and frequent pain should consider screening for these common co-morbidities. Additional study is needed to confirm these findings and to determine if treatments for pain, depression or sleep disturbances will improve quality of life measures in this patient population.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00011648.

The National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (NIH CC) is the largest hospital in the United States devoted entirely to clinical research, with a highly diverse spectrum of patients. Patient safety and clinical quality is a major goal of the hospital, and therapy is often complicated by multiple cotherapies and comorbidities. To this end, we implemented a pharmacogenomics program in two phases. In the first phase, we implemented genotyping for HLA-A and HLA-B gene variations with clinical decision support (CDS) for abacavir, carbamazepine, and allopurinol. In the second phase, we implemented genotyping for drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMET): SLCO1B1 for CDS of simvastatin and TPMT for CDS of mercaptopurine, azathioprine, and thioguanine. The purpose of this review is to describe the implementation process, which involves clinical, laboratory, informatics, and policy decisions pertinent to the NIH CC.

The authors describe the personal protective equipment (PPE) clinicians require when involved in the care of patients with potential or confirmed exposure to highly infectious pathogens, such as the Ebola virus, multidrug-resistant organisms, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of COVID-19. They discuss the communication challenges that arise with the various PPE required when caring for patients in high-containment clinical environments and how they and their colleagues in the National Institutes of Health's Special Clinical Studies Unit developed, field-tested, refined, and ultimately implemented policies and procedures that enabled clinicians to communicate effectively with other staff, patients, and external partners, such as governmental agencies, other specialized units, and nonprofit organizations.