This paper describes a sintering technique for ceramics and ceramic-based composites, using water as a transient solvent to effect densification (i.e. sintering) at temperatures between room temperature and 200 °C. To emphasize the incredible reduction in sintering temperature relative to conventional thermal sintering this new approach is named the "Cold Sintering Process" (CSP). Basically CSP uses a transient aqueous environment to effect densification by a mediated dissolution-precipitation process. CSP of NaCl, alkali molybdates and V2 O5 with small concentrations of water are described in detail, but the process is extended and demonstrated for a diverse range of chemistries (oxides, carbonates, bromides, fluorides, chlorides and phosphates), multiple crystal structures, and multimaterial applications. Furthermore, the properties of selected CSP samples are demonstrated to be essentially equivalent as samples made by conventional thermal sintering.
This paper describes as intering technique for ceramics and ceramic-based composites,u sing water as at ransient solvent to effect densification (i.e.s intering) at temperatures between room temperature and 200 8 8C. To emphasizet he incredible reduction in sintering temperature relative to conventional thermal sintering this new approach is named the "Cold Sintering Process" (CSP). Basically CSP uses atransient aqueous environment to effect densification by am ediated dissolution-precipitation process.C SP of NaCl, alkali molybdates and V 2 O 5 with small concentrations of water are described in detail, but the process is extended and demonstrated for ad iverse range of chemistries (oxides, carbonates,b romides,f luorides,c hlorides and phosphates), multiple crystal structures,a nd multimaterial applications. Furthermore,t he properties of selected CSP samples are demonstrated to be essentially equivalent as samples made by conventional thermal sintering.
This paper examines the influence of SiO2 doping on densification and microstructure evolution in Nd3xY3−3xAl5O12 (Nd:YAG) ceramics. Nd:YAG powders were doped with 0.035–0.28 wt% SiO2 and vacuum sintered between 1484° and 1750°C. 29Si magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance showed that Si4+ substitutes onto tetrahedrally coordinated Al3+ sites. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy showed no grain boundary second phases for all silica levels in samples sintered at 1600°–1750°C. Coarsening was limited by a solute drag mechanism as suggested by cubic grain growth kinetics and transmission electron microscopy energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy observations of increased Nd3+ concentration near grain boundaries. Increasing SiO2 content increased both densification and grain growth rate and led to increasingly coarsening‐dominated sintering trajectories. Fine‐grained (<3 μm), highly transparent (>82% real in‐line transmission) ceramics were produced by sintering 0.035 wt% SiO2‐doped ceramics at 1750°C for 8 h. Coarse‐grained (18 μm), transparent samples were obtained with 0.28 wt% SiO2‐doped Nd:YAG when sintered at 1600°C for 8 h.
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