Elevated concentrations of inorganic sediment supply in streams may impair many biological functions. However, the contribution of exposure duration to the observed impacts has not been previously considered. We evaluated the effects of sediment pulse duration using 14 streamside flow-through experimental channels, each of which contained a naturally colonised invertebrate assemblage and 10 rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry. Channels were exposed to fine sediment pulses of constant concentration but varied pulse duration (ranging from 0 to 6 h) every second day over 19 days. Total abundance of benthic invertebrate and family richness declined as sediment pulse duration increased. Invertebrate drift total abundance increased as pulse duration increased; however, family richness of drift decreased. Trout length and mass gain over the 19-day period was negatively correlated with pulse duration. Path analysis suggests that the direct effects of fine sediment on trout (impaired vision leading to reduced prey capture success and (or) increased metabolic costs from physiological stress) are more important to trout growth than indirect effects (decreased drift and benthic invertebrate richness and drift abundance).
Heterotopic ossifications of the TMJ may be seen in children with JIA and are associated with particularly severe TMJ arthritis, joint destruction, and pannus formation. Pathology from these joints suggests that the heterotopic ossification may result from multiple pathological processes.
Advancing methods are leading to the discovery of genes associated with childhood autoimmune diseases. However, the genetic contribution to disease risk for any one gene remains less than 30% for most diseases, suggesting that pediatric autoimmunity is not primarily genetic in a classical sense. A combinatorial approach considering the contributions of multiple genes, mode of inheritance, and environmental influences will be required to fully understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis in pediatric autoimmune disease.
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