INTRODUÇÃO: Nas Américas, Lutzomyia longipalpis tem sido incriminada como vetora da leishmaniose visceral em, praticamente, todas as áreas de ocorrência dessa parasitose. A notificação de casos humanos a partir de 1980 e a presença de cães com aspecto sugestivo de leishmaniose visceral no Município de Corumbá, Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, levaram a investigações entomológicas na área, com o objetivo de identificar a população de flebotomíneo vetora. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: A pesquisa foi realizada no peri e intradomicílio de três residências urbanas e em ecótopo natural, representado por uma gruta, situado fora do perímetro urbano. As capturas, semanais em sua maioria, foram realizadas com armadilhas automáticas luminosas, no período de 1984 a 1986. Os dados metereológicos desse período foram obtidos junto à Estação Metereológica da cidade e os de 1925 a 1982, de bibliografia. RESULTADOS: A fauna flebotomínea urbana, composta de oito espécies, mostrou-se semelhante à da gruta, porém nesta, a abundância das espécies foi maior. Na área urbana, Lu. cruzi predominou tanto no intra como no peridomicílio: no bairro central, representou 90,3% dos espécimens e nos dois bairros periféricos, os seus percentuais foram menores. Lu. forattinii, também, teve freqüência expressiva em um dos bairros periféricos (39,0 %). Na gruta, Lu. corumbaensis foi a espécie predominante. Comenta-se o impacto das condições climáticas e do inseticida aplicado na área urbana na freqüência das espécies, e da utilização da gruta como criadouro pelos flebotomíneos, com base na evolução da razão entre os sexos ao longo do período. Foram adicionadas informações sobre antropofilia e de coleta com isca canina de Lu. forattinii. CONCLUSÃO: O predomínio de Lu. cruzi na área urbana; a expressiva freqüência de Lu. forattinii na periferia da cidade, bem como a sua antropofilia e o estreito grau de parentesco destas espécies com Lu. longipalpis, a principal vetora da leishmaniose visceral em outras áreas da América, são aspectos que sugerem a participação de ambas na transmissão da doença, em Corumbá.

ResumoDesenvolveram-se estudos sobre flebotomíneos em área de leishmaniose tegumentar, fazenda Boa Sorte, Município de Corguinho, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, com vistas a incriminar vetor dessa parasitose. No início dos estudos, encontravam-se bem preservados vários tipos da cobertura vegetal primitiva, com predomínio de cerrado e cerradão, denominado localmente de "croa". Decorridos quatro meses, parte significativa da "croa" e do cerrado foi queimada para transformação em áreas de pastagens. Durante julho/1991 a junho/93, realizaram-se coletas semanais das 18:00 às 6:00 horas, com armadilha CDC (Center on Disease Control), em floresta-galeria, floresta de encostas, cerrado, "croa", peridomicílio (chiqueiro e poleiro) e no interior de uma tulha; coletas mensais com armadilha de Shannon das 18:00 às 24:00 horas em florestagaleria e "croa". De junho/91 a setembro de 1992, capturas mensais com isca humana, por 24 horas, em floresta-galeria. Investigou-se infecção natural por flagelados em flebotomíneos coletados com armadilha de Shannon e isca humana. As coletas com CDC resultaram 24 espécies de Lutzomyia e duas de Brumptomyia. A "croa" foi o ambiente que mais contribuiu com espécimens e que apresentou a maior diversidade, juntamente com a floresta de encostas. Nas coletas com CDC, L. whitmani revelou-se a mais abundante, índice de abundância padronizado = 0,991; porém, esteve muito pouco representada no interior do anexo domiciliar; apresentou prevalência de 96,0% nas armadilhas de Shannon e isca humana, respectivamente com 3.265 e 516 espécimens. Sua maior freqüência deu-se em épocas frias e secas. Dotada de atividade quase que exclusivamente noturna, exibiu pico de ocorrência das 18:00 às 19:00 horas. A taxa de infecção natural por flagelados, em 680 fêmeas de flebotomíneos dissecadas, foi de 0,15% e, entre 613 fêmeas de L. whitmani, de 0,16%. Com

RESUMO ABSTRACTIntroduction: Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic infectious disease of broad geographical distribution, characterized by high potential for lethality. With the purpose of contributing towards reducing mortality and helping healthcare professionals in clinical management of patients with this disease, this paper aimed to investigate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of cases with a fatal outcome in hospitals in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, between 2003 and 2008. Methods: Fifty-five medical files on patients who died due to visceral leishmaniasis were analyzed. Results: Among the 55 patients studied, 37 were from the municipality of Campo Grande; 41 (74.5%) were males; and age over 40 years predominated. The patients presented with fever in 89.1% of the cases. The duration of the illness from the onset of symptoms to hospitalization was 78.2 days on average. Leukopenia was seen in 85.5% of the patients. Comorbidities were present in 39 (70.9%) patients; malnutrition and alcoholism were the most frequent of these. Confirmation of the diagnosis occurred on average 6.7 days after admission. Pentavalent antimoniate was the drug most used, and 87.5% of the patients presented some type of adverse reaction. Bacterial infections occurred in 36 patients and were one of the causes of death in 27 (49%). Conclusions: The data showed that early identification of these clinical and laboratory characteristics, at the time when patients are first attended, is extremely important for reducing mortality through instituting efficient therapeutic and prophylactic measures.

ABSTRACT. The present paper deals with the phlebotomine species captured during the period from January 1998 to June 2000 in 12 caves located in the Serra da Bodoquena, situated in the south central region of Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Three of the caves are situated further north (in Bodoquena county), seven in the central area (Bonito county) and two in the south (Jardim county). These last two caves and three of those in Bonito are located at the west side of the ridge. Eighteen species of phlebotomines were captured within the caves: Brumptomyia avellari (Costa Lima, 1932) (Shannon & Del Ponte, 1927) and Sciopemyia sp. A total of 29,599 phlebotomine sandflies was obtained. Lutzomyia almerioi was absolutely predominant (91.5%) over the other species on both sides of the Bodoquena ridge, with the exception of the southern caves in which it was absent. It presents summer predominance, with nocturnal and diurnal activities. The species breeds in the caves and was captured during daytime both in the dark area and in the mouth of the caves. Martinsmyia oliveirai, the second most frequent sandfly, also presents a summer peak and only predominated over the other species in one cave, in which there were human residues.0

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Genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi may play a role in pathogenesis of Chagas disease forms. Natural populations are classified into 6 Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) Tc I-VI with taxonomical status. This study aimed to identify T. cruzi DTUs in bloodstream and tissue samples of Argentinean patients with Chagas disease. PCR-based strategies allowed DTU identification in 256 clinical samples from 239 Argentinean patients. Tc V prevailed in blood from both asymptomatic and symptomatic cases and Tc I was more frequent in bloodstream, cardiac tissues and chagoma samples from immunosuppressed patients. Tc II and VI were identified in a minority of cases, while Tc III and Tc IV were not detected in the studied population. Interestingly, Tc I and Tc II/VI sequences were amplified from the same skin biopsy slice from a kidney transplant patient suffering Chagas disease reactivation. Further data also revealed the occurrence of mixed DTU populations in the human chronic infection. In conclusion, our findings provide evidence of the complexity of the dynamics of T. cruzi diversity in the natural history of human Chagas disease and allege the pathogenic role of DTUs I, II, V and VI in the studied population.

RESUMO ABSTRACTThis study, realized from October 2000 to January 2003 describes the clinical epidemiological characteristics of visceral leishmaniasis in Três Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. A total of 149 cases were confirmed, with a predominance of the male gender (71.1%). The principal age group was aged 0 to 4 years old (42%). The clinical picture included fever (97.3%), esplenomegaly (85.9%) and anemia (75.8%). Associated infections were seen in 32 patients (21.5%), pneumonia being most common. Changes registered in the laboratory included a median hemoglobin level of 8mg/dl and 3,100 leucocytes/mm 3 . Bone marrow smears were positive in 90.6% of patients. Of the 97.9% patients treated, 78.2% used pentavalent antimony. Mortalities occurred in 8% of cases, half of these with associated infection. Taken together, these data suggest changes in the physiographical occurrence of visceral leishmaniasis in this locality, with expansion and urbanization of the disease, requiring greater attention for early diagnosis and treatment.

BackgroundEnvironmental changes caused by urbanization can cause alterations in the ecology and behavior of sandflies and in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis. Geotechnological tools allow the analysis and recognition of spatiotemporal patterns by monitoring and mapping risk areas of this vector-borne disease. This study aims to describe the sandfly fauna in the municipality of Corumbá and to compare it with the data described in a three-year period from 1984 to 1986 by Galati. A further aim was to analyze the influence of environmental changes on the composition of the fauna.MethodsCaptures were conducted weekly from April 2012 to March 2013, in intra and peridomicile areas with automatic light traps, from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am. The following indices were calculated for both periods analyzed: Standardized Index of Species Abundance (SISA), Shannon’s diversity index (H) and Pielou’s index (J). The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was extracted from a remote sensing LANDSAT-5 image.ResultsIn total, 7,370 specimens (6,169 males and 1,201 females) were collected, distributed among 12 species. Lutzomyia cruzi was the most frequent species (93,79%) and the first in the ranking of standardized species abundance index in both studies. The dominance of the species Lu. cruzi in the neighborhoods of Maria Leite and Centro was demonstrated by the low equitability index. The neighborhood of Cristo Redentor had the greatest diversity of sandflies in the present study and the second greatest in the study performed by Galati et al. (Rev Saúde Pública 31:378–390, 1997). Analyzing the satellite images and the NDVI from 1984 and 2010, the largest amount of dense vegetation was found in the neighborhood of Cristo Redentor.ConclusionsIt was, therefore, possible to show how changes caused due to urbanization have affected the density and distribution of Lu. cruzi and other species over time. Moreover, the data suggest that different populations of sandflies adapt in different ways according to environmental conditions and the adaptation does not necessarily depends on the presence of high vegetation cover.