This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Pirapó River watershed in Paraná, Brazil, and identify the critical pollution sites throughout the drainage basin. The water quality was monitored during the period from January 2011 to December 2012. Nine points distributed throughout the main channel of the Pirapó River were sampled for a total of 17 samplings. The water quality was evaluated based on the determination of 14 physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. Analysis of the variables monitored in the Pirapó River watershed using factor analysis/principal components analysis (FA/PCA) indicated the formation of three distinct groups of parameters: water temperature (T water ), dissolved oxygen (DO) and a group composed of total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and nitrite (NO 2 -). The parameters T water and DO exhibited a relationship with the seasonality, and the TSS, turbidity, and NO 2 levels were correlated with surface runoff caused by rainfall events. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the sampling points enabled the selection of the 10 most important variables from among the 14 evaluated parameters. The results showed that the nitrate (NO 3 -), NO 2 -, TSS, turbidity and total phosphorous (TP) levels were related to the soil type, and the parameters DO, electrical conductivity (EC), ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH 3 ) and thermotolerant coliforms (TC) were related to organic matter pollution, with the P5 sampling site being the most critical site. The ordination diagram of the sampling points as a function of the PCA indicated a reduction from 9 to 5 sampling points, indicating the potential for decreasing the costs associated with monitoring.
RESUMOA crescente demanda global por carne e seus derivados estimulou a expansão da atividade de produção de aves no Brasil, aumentando o número de agroindústrias neste setor. O Brasil é considerado o maior exportador e o terceiro maior produtor mundial de carne de frango, ficando atrás somente dos Estados Unidos e da China. Em relação às atividades agroindustriais a avicultura se destaca pela grande quantidade de água residuária gerada durante o processamento do produto, podendo causar impactos negativos ao ambiente caso não tenha tratamento e disposição final adequados. Quando tratada a água residuária de abatedouros de aves (ARAA) possui potencial para uso agrícola. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de ARAA na produção do capim mombaça (Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça). O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido no Campus do Arenito, em Cidade Gaúcha -PR, sendo composto por cinco tratamentos com quatro repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, os tratamentos constituíram de doses crescentes de ARAA (0, 150, 300, 600 e 900 m 3 ha -1). Foram avaliadas a massa de matéria seca (MSPA) e fresca (MFPA) da parte aérea e também a massa de matéria seca (MSR) e fresca (MFR) das raízes. A aplicação de ARAA, nas doses avaliadas, influenciou positivamente a produção de MSPA, MFPA, MSR e MFR. Novos estudos devem ser conduzidos utilizando doses maiores de ARAA e avaliando seus efeitos no solo e na planta, por maiores períodos de tempo.
Effluents from radiographic X-ray film developing processes feature a high contaminant load (COD about 70000 mg/L and total phenols concentration about 16956 mg/L). Photo-Fenton's are potentially useful oxidation processes for destroying toxic organic compounds in water. In these reactions, hydrogen peroxide is combined with ferrous or ferric iron in the presence of light to generate hydroxyl radicals (·OH). The photo-Fenton process was explored as a photochemical treatment to degrade wastewater from radiographic X-ray film developing processes coming from odontologic clinics. A response surface methodology was applied to optimize the photo-Fenton oxidation process conditions using total phenol removal as the target parameter to be optimized, and the reagent concentrations, as related to the initial concentration of organic matter in the effluent, and time and pH as the control factors to be optimized. The best results in terms of maximal total phenol removal and economic process were achieved when wastewater samples were treated at pH 5 in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and iron in the ratios [total phenols]:[H2O2] 1:3 w/w and [Fe2+]:[H2O2] 1:18 w/w and time 1 h.
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