Introduction. An approach to the development of a method for taking into account the influence of a single opposing building on direct solar radiation inflows to the building under study, taking into account all the irradiation periods of the facade under study, is presented. When calculating the consumption of thermal energy for heating and ventilation of a building in accordance with the method presented in regulatory documents, it is necessary to perform calculations of heat gain to the building from solar radiation. These calculations are carried out without taking into account the influence of the opposing building, what reduces the accuracy of the results. In foreign and domestic literature sources not found suitable for construction calculations and taking into account all periods of exposure methods. The objectives of this study are: the mathematical substantiation of the method, the possibility of its practical application, the formation of the calculation algorithm. Materials and methods. Calculations of the angular height and azimuth of the Sun by astronomical formulas, trigonometric calculations, construction of graphs of the tangents of changes in solar coordinates from the true solar time are applied. Results. The graphical method is proposed for determining irradiation periods by direct solar radiation of a facade of any orientation. The method is based on consideration of the formulas of the solar coordinates and the location of the opposing building. In this case, the graphic field is used to plot the changes in the tangents of the angular height of the Sun and the tangents of the difference between the azimuths of the Sun and the normal to the surface of the facade from the true solar time. The parameters of the building are applied to the graphic field and, in accordance with the proposed recommendations, the periods of irradiation of the facade are determined. Then the summation of direct solar radiation for the periods of irradiation of the facade is made. The algorithm of calculations on the example of a building in the presence of an opposing building is presented. The decrease of incoming direct solar radiation is shown. Conclusions. The developed graphic method is mathematically justified, has a practical orientation, which makes it relevant to the purpose and easy to use. The calculations for the presented method showed a significant decrease in the received direct solar radiation compared with the calculation without taking into account the influence of the opposing building, which shows the need to apply the method. The implementation of the method will contribute to an increase in the accuracy of calculations of direct solar radiation received on the facade and, therefore, the accuracy of calculations of energy consumption for heating and ventilation of the building.
In this paper, we investigate the surface temperature of a wall with a facade heat-insulating composite system (FHIC), which has a thin plaster layer, taking into account solar radiation exposure at different degrees of cloudiness during the month. The object of study is a wall with FHIC, on the outer surface of which temperature sensors were mounted and measurements were taken. Air temperatures were also measured for one month of the warm period of the year. The coefficient of absorption of solar radiation by the surface of the facade is calculated based on the measurement of the spectral reflection coefficient. Measurements of direct and scattered solar radiation arriving on a horizontal surface were carried out, and the cloudiness of the sky was also recorded. The calculation of direct and scattered solar radiation was carried out, taking into account the shading of surrounding buildings using the authors’ novel methods. The experimental days were divided into three groups according to the degree of cloudiness; statistically significant differences between the groups for the studied parameters were demonstrated. The temperature of the outer surface of the wall was calculated according to A.M. Shklover’s formula. The measured values of the temperature of the outer surface of the wall were compared with the calculated ones. It was shown that there is a good correlation between the measured and calculated temperatures for different degrees of cloudiness. At the same time, for days with no or slight cloudiness (Group I), when direct solar radiation predominates, the differences reach 1.7 °C; smaller differences are observed for days with average cloudiness (Group II) during daytime hours, with a maximum difference of 0.5 °C; and on days with continuous cloudiness (Group III), when only scattered radiation is present for daytime hours, the maximum difference is 0.3 °C. Statistically significant differences were found between the measured and calculated temperatures for groups of days, divided by the degree of cloudiness, for the experimental period of a day from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., which indicates the possibility of considering amendments to A.M. Shklover’s formula for sunny days. The results of comparing the measured and calculated heating temperatures of the facade surface also indirectly confirm the correctness of the author’s calculations of the incoming solar radiation, taking into account the effect of the surrounding buildings. The results obtained can be used to study the inertia and durability of building structures under solar radiation.
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