Background: Children were compared to their siblings, cousins or peers regarding the eruption of their permanent teeth. Genetic and environmental factors can affect dental development and, therefore, the body mass index (BMI) could be considered as a factor that may influence dental development. Purpose: To determine any possible association between BMI and either dental caries or the eruption of permanent teeth (central incisor and molar). Methods: A cross-sectional study was completed for six-year-old school children. A total of 218 children (116 boys, 102 girls) from public elementary schools in Erbil City were entered into the study. Dental caries assessments were carried out using the WHO criteria for decayed, missing and filled primary teeth and indices (DMFT). BMI was used to classify obesity status. Results: Overall, 27.98% of the children were classified as overweight, 59.17% as normal and 12.84% as underweight. The DMFT was 5.247, while 12.39% of the children were caries-free. Conclusions: Children of normal weight had most permanent teeth erupted and a low caries index. Underweight children had fewer erupted teeth and a higher caries index. The complex relationship between body composition and oral health should be considered in paediatric patients.
The dental afflictions are indubitably the most important global infectious diseases affecting both children and adults. The most significant dental illness is dental caries and periodontal pathologies. The major reason of oral health troubles is more inhabitants with pathogenic bacteria and for this reason, conservative treatment can often be in efficient because of bacterial resistance or may have unpleasant side effects.For that reason, studies in the field have focused on finding new therapeutic alternatives.The use of natural medicines for dental care is an ancient cross-cultural practice that persists in the majority of cultures today.Over the past decade, interest in drugs derived from medicinal plants has markedly increased. This study was designed at a literature review focusing on studies investigating herbal drugs and their therapeutic application, mechanism of action, side effects, toxicities and probable drug interactions. A small number of studies were established to hold their rational employ in dentistry. Because there is a rising employ of phytotherapeutic agents in dentistry, additional studies are required to evaluate their safety and efficacy for clinical use. Keywords: Herbal medicine, Oral health, Dentistry, Caries, Infections
The concept of immunomodulation was proposed by Edward Jenner, while working on polio vaccine in 1796. A brawny, fine-functioning immune system is the keystone of excellent health. Immune replies are the consequence of an effectual interaction among innate (natural and non-specific) and acquired (adaptive and specific) components of the immune system. Inequity or failure of the immune systems is connected with a variety of chronic illness counting allergies, autoimmune diseases, cancers and furthers. Diverse innate and adaptive immune cells that are incorporated in this multifaceted networking organization may symbolize talented targets for expanding immunotherapeutics for treating specific immune illness. An assorted array of natural, synthetic, and recombinant compounds is accessible with both advantages and demerits. A range of phytochemicals have been remote, differentiated and customized for expansion and employ as avoidance or cure of human diseases, but the request of customary or novel medicinal plants for employ as immunomodulators in indulgencing immune diseases is still comparatively limited. At present, there is much-growing interest in the use of medicinal plants as modulators of the complex immune system. Numerous therapeutic consequences of plant extracts have been recommended to be because of their extensive assortment of immunomodulatory effects and persuade on the immune system of the human body. In present review paper, various medicinal plants, their resultant crude or fractionated phyto extracts and the precise phytochemicals remote from them are conversed in terms of their immunomodulatory bioactivities. We also review their possible for future expansion as immunomodulatory or inflammation-regulatory therapeutics or agents. Keywords: Immunomodulation, Immune system, Phytochemicals, Medicinal plant, Plant extracts
Klebsiella pneumonia were isolated and identified on the basis of morphology, growth, and biochemical characteristics. All the isolates offered different resistance patterns against antibiotics including Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Erythromycin, tetracycline and Chloramphenicol. Transformation and conjugation techniques were used for plasmid transfer studies. The conjugation experiment showed that ≈ 51kbp conjugative plasmid conferring resistance to tetracycline and ampicillins were successfully transferred to the recipient cells E. coli MM294. The rest of the plasmid borne markers was non-conjugative/nontransferable. Conjugative plasmids carry a tremendous potential to disseminate resistance markers to distant recipient cells. The protocol is reliable enough to be used for large-scale visualization of native plasmids and we have used it to visualize and isolate DNA from hundreds of multidrug resistance plasmids.
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