BackgroundSoybean, a major legume crop native to East Asia, presents a wealth of resources for utilization. The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors play important roles in various biological processes including developmental regulation and responses to environmental stress stimuli. Currently, little information is available regarding the bZIP family in the legume crop soybean.ResultsUsing a genome-wide domain analysis, we identified 160 GmbZIP genes in soybean genome, named from GmbZIP1 to GmbZIP160. These 160GmbZIP genes, distributed unevenly across 20 chromosomes, were grouped into 12 subfamilies based on phylogenetic analysis. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses showed that GmbZIP within the same subfamily shared similar intron-exon organizations and motif composition. Syntenic and phylogenetic analyses identified 40 Arabidopsis bZIP genes and 83 soybean bZIP genes as orthologs. By investigating the expression profiling of GmbZIP in different tissues and under drought and flooding stresses, we showed that a majority of GmbZIP (83.44%) exhibited transcript abundance in all examined tissues and 75.6% displayed transcript changes after drought and flooding treatment, suggesting that GmbZIP may play a broad role in soybean development and response to water stress.ConclusionsOne hundred sixty GmbZIP genes were identified in soybean genome. Our results provide insights for the evolutionary history of bZIP family in soybean and shed light on future studies on the function of bZIP genes in response to water stress in soybean.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4511-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Effective bone tissue engineering can restore bone and skeletal functions that are impaired by traumas and/or certain medical conditions. Bone is a complex tissue and functions through orchestrated interactions between cells, biomechanical forces, and biofactors. To identify ideal scaffold materials for effective mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based bone tissue regeneration, here we develop and characterize a composite nanoparticle hydrogel by combining carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) (designated as CMCh-ACP hydrogel). We demonstrate that the CMCh-ACP hydrogel is readily prepared by incorporating glucono δ-lactone (GDL) into an aqueous dispersion or rehydrating the acidic freeze-dried nanoparticles in a pH-triggered controlled-assembly fashion. The CMCh-ACP hydrogel exhibits excellent biocompatibility and effectively supports MSC proliferation and cell adhesion. Moreover, while augmenting BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation, the CMCh-ACP hydrogel itself is osteoinductive and induces the expression of osteoblastic regulators and bone markers in MSCs in vitro. The CMCh-ACP scaffold markedly enhances the efficiency and maturity of BMP9-induced bone formation in vivo, while suppressing bone resorption occurred in long-term ectopic osteogenesis. Thus, these results suggest that the pH-responsive self-assembled CMCh-ACP injectable and bioprintable hydrogel may be further exploited as a novel scaffold for osteoprogenitor-cell-based bone tissue regeneration.
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