Our theoretical and experimental results prove massive beam-hardening artifacts for a typical implant diameter and typical energies of up-to-date CBCT machines. Meaningful artifact reduction has to be based on more sophisticated mathematical modeling of the actual physical image acquisition process rather than on postprocessing of the erroneous results obtained from the rather crude reconstruction algorithms used presently.

CBCT images of maxillary molars may provide detailed information of FI and a reliable basis for treatment decision.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to generate threedimensional models based on digital volumetric data that can be used in basic and advanced education. Methods Four sets of digital volumetric data were established by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) (Accuitomo, J. Morita, Kyoto, Japan). Datasets were exported as Dicom formats and imported into Mimics and Magic software programs to separate the different tissues such as nerve, tooth and bone. These data were transferred to a Polyjet 3D Printing machine (Eden 330, Object, Israel) to generate the models. Results Three-dimensional prototype models of certain limited anatomical structures as acquired volumetrically were fabricated. Conclusions Generating three-dimensional models based on CBCT datasets is possible. Automated routine fabrication of these models, with the given infrastructure, is too timeconsuming and therefore too expensive.