Carbon dioxide concentrations were measured at various depths and times in the unsaturated zones of two hydraulically and geochemically contrasting field sites, one in southeastern Washington state, and the other in south central Saskatchewan. In situ CO2 production rates were calculated from a mass balance that accounted for diffusive fluxes and partitioning of CO2 into an advecting aqueous phase. Production rates were compared with (1) microbial abundance and (2) subsurface temperature to determine whether subsurface CO2 production rates could be expressed as a simple function of these two variables. At the Washington site, subsurface production was successfully expressed as a function of microbial abundance and temperature for a large portion of the year, but not near the end of the growing season. Although subsurface microbes and organic carbon were more abundant at the Saskatchewan site, subsurface CO2 production rates were generally several orders of magnitude lower than at the Washington site, and no correlation could be established between microbial numbers, temperature, and production rate. The cases where production rates could not be expressed as a function of microbial numbers and temperature suggested conditions in which some other factor, such as nutrient limitations, was controlling.

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The vadose zone and its contaminant-attenuating processes are physically interposed between surface contamination and groundwater supplies. Given the potential role of microorganisms in mediating vadose-zone chemical processes, it is vital to understand vadose microbial distributions and factors controlling those distributions. Vadose and shallow saturated zone sediments obtained from cores drilled to approximately 8 m below the surface at two hydrogeologically contrasting sites, named Dalmeny and Washington State University (WSU), were examined for culturable heterotrophic bacteria, total organic carbon (TOC), and sediment texture. Porewater elutions were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon, sulfate, and inorganic nitrogen species. Numbers of cultured bacteria (10 3 -10 7 g -1 ) generally decreased with depth at both sites. The TOC decreased uniformly with depth at WSU where soil processes are the sole carbon source; at Dalmeny, where both soil and kerogen carbon are present, TOC was higher and relatively constant with depth. Numbers of distinct colony types at Dalmeny did not decline below the solum. Bacteria at Dalmeny were more numerous, exhibited greater numbers of colony types, and were metabolically more flexible than those at WSU. The smooth decline of numbers with depth at WSU paralleled and may be caused by the TOC decline with distance from a solum source. Sediment permeability and pore-water flux did not control bulk populations as suggested in previous studies; this may be explained by bacterial residence on fracture surfaces in low-permeability materials. Psychrotolerant organisms did not appear to be as abundant as mean ambient temperatures might suggest.

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Flocculation and removal of bacteria were observed during two separate aluminum sulfate (alum) treatments for removal of phosphorus from a eutrophic recreational lake. In addition, die-off and release of bacteria from alum floc were studied in columns under laboratory conditions. Membrane filtration and spread plates were used to determine concentrations of indicator species and total cultivatable bacteria, respectively. During the alum treatment of the lake, 90% of the fecal coliform (FC) population and ca. 70% of the fecal streptococci population were removed from the water column within 72 h. Numbers of FC in the floc on the lake bottom exceeded 2,400/100 ml at 120 h compared with the pretreatment concentration of 30 FC/100 ml. Inactivation of FC in the floc proceeded at a rate of 200 FC/100 ml per 24 h. In a second alum application to the lake, 95% of the total culturable bacterial population was removed from the water column. In a laboratory column study of survival and release rates, over 90% of an Escherichia coli suspension was concentrated in a floc formed at the bottom. E. coli was not released from the floc. The numbers of and survival of E. coli in the floc suggest the probable concentration of other enteric organisms, including pathogens. Thus, the floc poses a potential human health risk if ingested by swimmers or if others use the lake as a potable water source.

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Differences in the induction response and the initial two reactions of quinoline degradation between short-term (2 days)and long-term (60 to 80 days)-starved cells of a subsurface Pseudonwnas cepacia strain were examined by using continuous-flow columns. The ability of bacteria that are indigenous to oligotrophic environments to respond to a contaminant was assessed by using long-term starvation to induce a cell physiology that simulates the in situ physiology of the bacteria. With quinoline concentrations of 39 and 155 ,uM, long-term-starved cells converted quinoline to degradation products more efficiently than did short-term-starved cells. Quinoline concentrations of 155 ,uM and, to a greater extent, 775 ,uM had an inhibitory effect on induction in long-term-starved cells. However, only the length of the induction process was affected with these quinoline concentrations; degradation of quinoline at the steady state for long-term-starved cells was equal to or better than that for short-term-starved cells. The induction time for short-term-starved cells did not increase progressively with increasing quinoline concentration. Experiments with starved cells are important for the development of accurate predictive models of contaminant transport in the subsurface because starvation, which induces a cell physiology that simulates the in situ physiology of many bacteria, may affect the induction process.