Peatland restoration by inundation of drained areas can alter local greenhouse gas emissions by altering rates of CO₂ and CH₄ emissions. Factors that can influence these emissions include the quality and amount of substrates available for anaerobic degradation processes and the sources and availability of electron acceptors. In order to learn about possible sources of high CO₂ and CH₄ emissions from a rewetted degraded fen grassland, we performed incubation experiments that tested the effects of fresh plant litter in the flooded peats on pore water chemistry and CO₂ and CH₄ production and emission.

The position in the soil profile of the pre-existing drained peat substrate affected initial rates of anaerobic CO₂ production subsequent to flooding, with the uppermost peat layer producing the greatest specific rates of CO₂ evolution. CH₄ production rates depended on the availability of electron acceptors and was significant only when sulfate concentrations were reduced in the pore waters. Very high specific rates of both CO₂ (maximum of 412 mg C d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ C) and CH₄ production (788 mg C d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ C) were observed in a new sediment layer that accumulated over 2.5 years since the site was flooded. This new sediment layer was characterized by overall low C content, but represented a mixture of sand and relatively easily decomposable plant litter from reed canary grass killed by flooding. Samples that excluded this new sediment layer but included intact roots remaining from flooded grasses had specific rates of CO₂ (max. 28 mg C d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ C) and CH₄ (max. 34 mg C d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ C) production that were 10–20 times lower, and were comparable to those of newly flooded upper peat layer. Lowest rates of anaerobic CO₂ and CH₄ production (range of 4–8 mg C d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ C and <1 mg C d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ C) were observed when all fresh organic matter sources (plant litter and roots) were excluded. In conclusion, the presence of fresh organic substrates such as plant and root litter originating from plants killed by inundation has a high potential for CH₄ production, whereas peat without any fresh plant-derived material is relatively inert. Anaerobic CO₂ and CH₄ production in peat only occurs when some labile organic matter is available, e.g. from remaining roots or root exudates

The hydrogen-dependent and methylotrophic order Methanomassiliicoccales consists of the families Methanomethylophilaceae and Methanomassiliicoccaceae. While Methanomethylophilaceae are comparatively well studied, there is a lack of knowledge on Methanomassiliicoccaceae. In this 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing based study we investigated the temporal and spatial dynamics of the Methanomassiliicoccales in drained and rewetted sites of three common temperate fen peatlands. A 2.5-year-monitoring of the fen microbiome composition in three peat depths revealed a dynamic methanogen and Methanomassiliicoccales composition across space and time. Four Methanomassiliicoccales phylotypes were found and they were differentially distributed between the fen types. The wetland cluster phylotype was omnipresent and dominant in abundance in all sites along all depths. The Methanomassiliicoccales phylotype was highly abundant in topsoil while the AB364942 phylotype was exclusively found in deeper regions of the rewetted percolation fen. The phylotype affiliated with Methanomassiliicoccales strain U3.2.1 was only detected in the rewetted percolation fen. We discussed the distribution of the four phylotypes with implications to their ecophysiology, where oxygen tolerance and substrate spectrum might play major roles. In conclusion, the Methanomassiliicoccales are widespread and do account for a significant proportion of methanogens, which might suggest their importance for methane emissions from peatlands.

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The ongoing climate warming is likely to increase the frequency of freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) in cold-temperate peatland regions. Despite the importance of soil hydro-physical properties in water and carbon cycling in peatlands, the impacts of FTCs on peat properties as well as carbon sequestration and release remain poorly understood. In this study, we collected undisturbed topsoil samples from two drained lowland fen peatlands to investigate the impact of FTCs on hydro-physical properties as well as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes from peat. The soil samples were subject to five freeze-thaw treatments, including a zero, one, three, five, ten cycles (FTC0, FTC1, FTC3, FTC5, and FTC10, respectively). Each FTC was composed of 24 h of freezing (−5°C) and 24 h of thawing (5°C) and the soil moisture content during the freeze-thaw experiment was adjusted to field capacity. The results showed that the FTCs substantially altered the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of peat. For peat samples with low initial Ks values (e.g., &lt; 0.2 × 10−5 m s−1), Ks increased after FTCs. In contrast, the Ks of peat decreased after freeze-thaw, if the initial Ks was comparably high (e.g., &gt; 0.8 × 10−5 m s−1). Overall, the average Ks values of peatlands decreased after FTCs. The reduction in Ks values can be explained by the changes in macroporosity. The DOC experiment results revealed that the FTCs could increase DOC concentrations in leachate, but the DOC fluxes decreased mainly because of a reduction in water flow rate as well as Ks. In conclusion, soil hydraulic properties of peat (e.g., Ks) are affected by freezing and thawing. The dynamics of soil hydraulic properties need to be explicitly addressed in the quantification and modelling of the water flux and DOC release from peatlands.