Aims and objectives To develop and achieve formal consensus on a definition of medication administration errors and scenarios that should or should not be considered as medication administration errors in hospitalised patient settings. Background Medication administration errors occur frequently in hospitalised patient settings. Currently, there is no formal consensus on a definition of medication administration errors or scenarios that should or should not be considered as medication administration errors. Design This was a descriptive study using Delphi technique. Methods A panel of experts (n = 50) recruited from major hospitals, nursing schools and universities in Palestine took part in the study. Three Delphi rounds were followed to achieve consensus on a proposed definition of medication administration errors and a series of 61 scenarios representing potential medication administration error situations formulated into a questionnaire. Results In the first Delphi round, key contact nurses’ views on medication administration errors were explored. In the second Delphi round, consensus was achieved to accept the proposed definition of medication administration errors and to include 36 (59%) scenarios and exclude 1 (1·6%) as medication administration errors. In the third Delphi round, consensus was achieved to consider further 14 (23%) and exclude 2 (3·3%) as medication administration errors while the remaining eight (13·1%) were considered equivocal. Of the 61 scenarios included in the Delphi process, experts decided to include 50 scenarios as medication administration errors, exclude three scenarios and include or exclude eight scenarios depending on the individual clinical situation. Conclusion Consensus on a definition and scenarios representing medication administration errors can be achieved using formal consensus techniques. Relevance to clinical practice Researchers should be aware that using different definitions of medication administration errors, inclusion or exclusion of medication administration error situations could significantly affect the rate of medication administration errors reported in their studies. Consensual definitions and medication administration error situations can be used in future epidemiology studies investigating medication administration errors in hospitalised patient settings which may permit and promote direct comparisons of different studies.

The city of Abu Dhabi is growing every year in population, urban extent and energy demand. This research focuses on the application of two simulation programs to estimate changes in urban climate associated with continued development in Abu Dhabi: The Urban Weather Generator (UWG) and ENVI-met. Simulation with these two software packages are validated with the site data measured in downtown Abu Dhabi. A comparison analysis (in the different seasons) between the rural data, the simulation output, and the site measurements shows the variations of the UHI in this Middle Eastern city and the potential of the validated tools. The main aims of this study are: (a) to make a seasonal validation of the UWG for the city of Abu Dhabi (referring to urban-rural available data). The tool was previously validated for a year (no seasonal division) for Abu Dhabi, Toulouse, Basel, Singapore, Rome and Barcelona. The simulations are based on the 2016 version of the Urban Weather Generator. The analysis is separated into three main seasons (instead of the full year): winter, spring, summer. (b) To make a seasonal validation and improve the second tool evaluated in this study, ENVI-met 4.0. The software can simulate urban temperature, humidity and wind speed. Guides are proposed for the enhancement of the accuracy of both estimation procedures. Referring to the results, UWG tends to overestimate the canyon temperature during the summer and has a more realistic estimation on the winter season. ENVI-met has better estimations of temperatures during the summer season compared to UWG. Finally, the UWG weather file contributes a more detailed energy model on a mesoscale model. It considers the seasonal effect and shows the impact of the climate on profiling the UHI phenomena. ENVI-met needs improvement in calculating the anthropogenic heat and in calculation of the mean radiant temperature. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4378 2 of 20districts. The latest study shows that the release of the anthropogenic heat creates an unstable layer in the lower level of the atmosphere-even during the night-compared to the countryside [2]. Therefore, including the anthropogenic heat, as a parameter in the simulations, is relevant for models prepared for the climate simulations [3,4].The urban microclimate is strongly connected to the anthropogenic heat released in the canyon. Cities with an efficient public transportation system and a central district cooling plant have a positive impact in improving the urban microclimate [5]. Annual average values show that cities such as Chicago (53 W/m 2 ), Montreal (99 W/m 2 ) and Budapest (43 W/m 2 ) have anthropogenic heat variation from 20 to 40 W/m 2 in summer, and from 70 to 210 W/m 2 in winter. The anthropogenic heat and the traffic schedule follow the same graphic distribution, having one peak in the morning and one peak in the evening [6].Abu Dhabi has developed rapidly over the past 60 years. During this time the urban settlement has grown from the main island towards the desert. The buildings located on the main ...

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