Since hydatid cyst can be found in all the body sites, it should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of all cystic lesions.
In many cancers, mast cell density (MCD) in the tumor microenvironment is associated with tumor progression and, to a greater extent, angiogenesis. Our study was designed to investigate the correlation between MCD, tumor lymphangiogenesis, and several well-established prognostic parameters in breast cancer. One hundred and four cases of invasive breast carcinoma diagnosed in our clinic between 2007 and 2011 were included. Mast cells and lymphatic vessels were stained with toluidine blue and D2-40, respectively, and their densities were calculated in various areas of tumors and lymph nodes. The variables of MCD and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) were compared using prognostic parameters as well as with each other. As tumor size and volume increased, MCD increased comparably in metastatic lymph nodes; intratumoral and peritumoral LVD also increased. Lymphovascular invasion, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, and estrogen receptor positivity were positively related to intratumoral MCD. The relationship between peritumoral MCD and nontumoral breast tissue MCD was statistically significant. Stage was correlated with MCD in metastatic lymph nodes. Metastatic lymph node MCD and intratumoral MCD were also significantly related. Stage, lymphatic invasion, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and metastatic lymph node MCD were all correlated with intratumoral and/or peritumoral LVD. As nuclear grade increased, intratumoral LVD became higher. In breast carcinoma, MCD, depending on its location, was related to several prognostic parameters. Notably, mast cells may have at least some effect on lymphangiogenesis, which appears to be a predictor of tumor progression.
Expression levels of several molecules implicated in carcinogenesis were examined by immunohistochemical staining, and the prognostic significance of their expression levels in gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) was evaluated. A total of 115 GA and 20 control gastric tissue samples were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using 33 antibodies targeting molecules known to play a part in the development of various tumors. Overexpression of carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and loss of AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A (ARID1A), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), and CD44 expression in GA patients were significantly correlated with lymph node (LN) metastasis, advanced tumor stage, and poor prognosis. The results demonstrated that ALDH1A and ARID1A may be strong independent prognostic factors associated with overall survival and recurrence-free survival (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Our results demonstrated that ALDH1, CD44, ARID1A, and CAIX in immunoreactive GA tumor cells exhibit different expression profiles compared with control cells and that these differences are associated with patient survival. The molecules with differential expression profiles were associated with some common functions, including hypoxia, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and SW1/SNF-mediated chromatin remodeling. In addition, the loss of ALDH1, ARID1A, and CD44 and the overexpression of CAIX are important for tumor invasion and metastasis; therefore, they may serve as useful prognostic indicators of long-term survival in patients with GA. In conclusion, our study found that abnormal expression of some of the proteins evaluated in GA tumor cells might have an important role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression and thus may influence the prognosis of patients with GA.
Plastic bronchitis is a rare disease of pediatric age resulting from the fibrinous mucus plugs obstructing the airway. Plastic bronchitis can be secondary to many pulmonary and systemic diseases; but also it can be idiopathic. It is an important entity because it can present with acute respiratory system failure symptoms like non-productive cough, dyspnea and wheezing mimicking foreign body aspiration. Here, we present a 4-year-old boy diagnosed as plastic bronchitis by bronchoscopy. A 4-year-old boy was brought with cough and difficulty in breathing. He had wheezing and dyspnea in pyhsical examination and blood oxygen saturation was 92% without any other clinical and laboratory signs of infection. Chest X-ray and computerized tomography showed characteristics of foreign body aspiration. He was diagnosed as plastic bronchitis by flexible bronchoscopy and had full recovery after extraction of the plugs by aspiration in a bronchoscopy session. Plastic bronchitis is a rare entity of pediatric age. Patients who have respiratory failure resistant to conventional medical therapy; especially if they have radiologic signs of atelectasia or intraluminal blockage, should be evaluated with bronchoscopy.
Bu çalışmada endobronşiyal ultrasonografi eşliğinde transbronşiyal ince iğne aspirasyonu örneklerinde yeterliliği etkileyen faktörler değerlendirildi. Ça lış ma pla nı: Merkezimizde Mart 2011-Mart 2014 tarihleri arasında 822 hastadan (500 erkek, 322 kadın; ort. yaş 56±13 yıl; dağılım 16-83 yıl) edinilen 1700 endobronşiyal ultrasonografi eşliğinde transbronşiyal ince iğne aspirasyonu örneği retrospektif olarak analiz edildi. Tüm sitolojik materyaller ve işlem notları (lenf nodu veya lezyon boyutu, yerleşim yeri, iğne girişimi sayısı ve yayma preparat sayısı) gibi örnek yeterliliği ile ilişkili olabilecek değişkenler incelendi. Bul gu lar: Genel örnek yeterliliği %79.8 idi. Örnek yeterliliği iğne girişimi sayısı ile ilişkili idi (p≤0.001). Yeterlilik oranı tek iğne girişimi için %66.9, üç iğne girişimi için %85.8 idi. Yeterlilik oranları örneklem alma bölgelerine göre farklılık gösterdi [%69.2-%85.8; (p≤0.005)]. Subkarinal (7) lenf nodu istasyonunun çok değişkenli lojistik regresyon analizinde, hasta yaşı (göreceli risk oranı, 0.983; %95 güven aralığı, 0.966-1.000; p= 0.049) ve yayma preparat sayısı (göreceli risk oranı, 1.240; %95 güven aralığı, 1.062-1.448; p= 0.006) örnek yeterliliğinin bağımsız belirleyici faktörleri idi. Sağ paratrakeal (4R) bölge için örnek yeterliliğinin bağımsız belirleyici faktörleri lenf nodu boyutu (göreceli risk oranı, 1.486; %95 güven aralığı, 0.973-2.268; p= 0.067) ve yayma preparat sayısı (göreceli risk oranı, 1.418; %95 güven aralığı, 1.146-1.756; p= 0.001) iken sağ interlober (11R) bölge için lenf nodu boyutu (göreceli risk oranı, 1.594; %95 güven aralığı, 0.960-2.645; p= 0.071) ve iğne girişimi sayısı (göreceli risk oranı, 2.277; %95 güven aralığı, 1.360-3.811; p= 0.002) idi. Sol paratrakeal (4L) lenf nodu istasyonu için örnek yeterliliğinin bağımsız belirleyici faktörü iğne girişimi sayısı (göreceli risk oranı, 1.656; %95 güven aralığı, 0.955-2.869; p= 0.072) idi. So nuç: Endobronşiyal ultrasonografi eşliğinde transbronşiyal ince iğne aspirasyonlarında, özellikle yerinde hızlı değerlendirme yapılamadığında, lenf nodu yerleşim yerlerine göre yeterliliği etkileyen faktörlerin göz önüne alınması sitolojik değerlendirme için uygun nitelikte materyaller elde edilmesi şansını artırabilir. Anah tar söz cük ler: Yeterlilik; endobronşiyal ultrasonografi; transbronşiyal ince iğne aspirasyonu.
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