-The fatty acid composition and cholesterol content of 22 camel's milk samples from different regions of Kazakhstan were determined, in different seasons and with different camel species (Bactrian, dromedary and hybrids). Camel milk fat differed from mammalian fats by its high content of the long-chain fatty acids C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 and C18:1. Great differences in fatty acid composition occurred between regions. Short-chain fatty acids (C8:0 and C10:0) were in higher proportion in spring and long-chain fatty acids (C17:0 and C17:1) in autumn. Dromedary milk had a higher proportion of C17:0iso and C18:1 than Bactrian milk. The ratio of unsaturated/saturated acid was more favorable in camel's milk compared with that of cows or other mammalians. All of these parameters gave a nutritional advantage to camel's milk, although it had a higher content of cholesterol (37.1 mg·100 g −1 ) than cow's milk. Multivariate analysis allowed the identification of four types of fatty acid profiles with a clear opposition between the samples rich in short-chain fatty acids and the samples rich in long-chain fatty acids. These results confirmed that environmental and farming conditions allowed modulation of the lipid composition of camel's milk.

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The high selenium content of the Brazil nut, Bertholletia excelsa, makes this seed a healthy food qualified as an antiradical protector. The studied nut contained 126 ppm of selenium. Selenium was found to be distributed in the nut protein fractions. The water-extracted fraction, which represented 17.7% of the cake protein, was the richest in selenium with 153 ppm. Analysis by HPLC-MS showed that selenium was linked by a covalent bond to two amino acids to form selenomethionine and selenocystine. The selenomethionine represented a little less than 1% of the total amount of methionine.

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Although Yersinia enterocolitica is usually transmitted through contaminated food and untreated water, occasional transmission such as human-to-human, animal-to-human and blood transfusion associated transmission have also identified in human disease. Of the six Y. enterocolitica biotypes, the virulence of the pathogenic biotypes, namely, 1B and 2–5 is attributed to the presence of a highly conserved 70-kb virulence plasmid, termed pYV/pCD and certain chromosomal genes. Some biotype 1A strains, despite lacking virulence plasmid (pYV) and traditional chromosomal virulence genes, are isolated frequently from humans with gastrointestinal diseases similar to that produced by isolates belonging known pathogenic biotypes. Y. enterocolitica pathogenic biotypes have evolved two major properties: the ability to penetrate the intestinal wall, which is thought to be controlled by plasmid genes, and the production of heat-stable enterotoxin, which is controlled by chromosomal genes.

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