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a b s t r a c tA new green composite made of natural polyethylene (NPE) has never been produced using short birch fibers and compared with others biocomposites with matrices of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Versions with and without a coupling agent (CA) in fiber ratios of 10, 20, 30 and 40 wt% were produced. Tensile and 3-point flexural tests were conducted to measure the mechanical properties of the composites, and acoustic-emission testing was used to measure the evolution of damage caused by irreversible changes in the materials in correlation with an analysis of the damage modes. It was concluded that the extent of the damage and the contribution of each damage mode depend on the material, the test performed and, especially the presence of a CA. The results prove that the choice of composite for a particular application must be a judicious one and should consider not only the mechanical properties but also the damage processes of the composite, which may be crucial for longterm applications.

Despite the knowledge gained in recent years regarding the use of acoustic emissions (AEs) in ecologically friendly, natural fiber-reinforced composites (including certain composites with bio-sourced matrices), there is still a knowledge gap in the understanding of the difference in damage behavior between green and biocomposites. Thus, this article investigates the behavior of two comparable green and biocomposites with tests that better reflect real-life applications, i.e., load-unloading and creep testing, to determine the evolution of the damage process. Comparing the mechanical results with the AE, it can be concluded that the addition of a coupling agent (CA) markedly reduced the ratio of AE damage to mechanical damage. CA had an extremely beneficial effect on green composites because the Kaiser effect was dominant during cyclic testing. During the creep tests, the use of a CA also avoided the transition to new damaging phases in both composites. The long-term applications of PE green material must be chosen carefully because bio and green composites with similar properties exhibited different damage processes in tests such as cycling and creep that could not be previously understood using only monotonic testing.

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Since thermoplastics are temperature-sensitive materials, heat generation in running spur gears is an important parameter. This paper presents two models for its evaluation, an exact one which considers all the parameters but needs a computer to solve the equations; then a simplified model. Both models take into account the contact outside the theoretical line of action which is the usual case with thermoplastic gears. Results for the simplified model are within reasonable agreement with the exact one.