Interleukin-6 (IL-6) could be a possible mediator of insulin resistance. We investigated whether IL-6 could inhibit insulin signaling in human skeletal myotubes and whether suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) could be related to insulin resistance in vivo in humans. IL-6 inhibited insulin signaling and induced SOCS-3 expression in differentiated myotubes. SOCS-3 mRNA levels were significantly increased in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic patients compared with control subjects and correlated with reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. In contrast, SOCS-3 mRNA levels were reduced in muscle of obese nondiabetic subjects compared with type 2 diabetic patients, despite similar circulating concentrations of IL-6. Increased SOCS-3 mRNA levels in diabetes were not attributable to hyperglycemia, as type 1 diabetic patients had normal SOCS-3 mRNA expression in muscle. However, the combination of high glucose and IL-6 levels in type 2 diabetic patients may induce SOCS-3 expression, as has been seen in human muscle cells. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, SOCS-3 mRNA levels were increased in obese individuals and strongly correlated with IL-6 expression, supporting a paracrine effect of IL-6 on SOCS-3 expression in fat. Taken together, our results showed that SOCS-3 expression in human skeletal muscle in vivo is not related to insulin resistance in the presence of elevated IL-6 concentrations and suggest that cytokine action could differ in type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic obese subjects. Diabetes 53
The first of the two LHC transfer lines was commissioned in autumn 2004. Beam reached an absorber block located some 2.5 km downstream of the SPS extraction point at the first shot, without the need of any threading. The hardware preparation and commissioning phase will be summarised, followed by a description of the beam tests and their results regarding optics and other line parameters, including the experience gained with beam instrumentation, the control system and the machine protection equipment.
The optics of the newly commissioned LHC beam transfer line TI 8 was studied with beam trajectories, dispersion and profile measurements. Steering magnet response measurements were used to analyze the quality of the steering magnets and of the beam position monitors. A simultaneous fit of the quadrupole strengths was used to search for setting or calibration errors. Residual coupling between the planes was evaluated using high statistics samples of trajectories. Initial conditions for the optics at the entrance of the transfer line were reconstructed from beam profile measurements with Optical Transition Radiation monitors. The paper presents the various analysis methods and their errors. The expected emittance growth arising from optical mismatch into the LHC is evaluated. Large Hadron Collider Project AbstractThe optics of the newly commissioned LHC beam transfer line TI 8 was studied with beam trajectories, dispersion and profile measurements. Steering magnet response measurements were used to analyze the quality of the steering magnets and of the beam position monitors. A simultaneous fit of the quadrupole strengths was used to search for setting or calibration errors. Residual coupling between the planes was evaluated using high statistics samples of trajectories. Initial conditions for the optics at the entrance of the transfer line were reconstructed from beam profile measurements with Optical Transition Radiation monitors. The paper presents the various analysis methods and their errors. The expected emittance growth arising from optical mismatch into the LHC is evaluated.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.