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Between September 2001 and March 2013, 62 bacterial cultures (37 aerobic and 25 anaerobic) were performed on 37 blood samples from 23 Antillean manatees ( Trichechus manatus manatus) that were kept in captivity at the Brazilian National Center for Research and Conservation of Aquatic Mammals (CMA) in Pernambuco (CMA-PE) and Alagoas (CMA-AL), Brazil. All of the animals sampled exhibited clinical signs at the time of sampling including abscesses (n = 8), debilitation and anorexia (n = 22), and profound lethargy-moribundity (n = 7). The 4 animals with profound lethargy-moribundity died shortly after sampling of unknown causes. Bacteria were isolated from 15/37 (40.5%) and aerobic blood cultures from 13/23 animals (56.5%). None of the anaerobic cultures were positive. Aeromonas caviae , Aeromonas hydrophila , Aeromonas sp., Escherichia coli , Leclercia adecarboxylata , Pantoea agglomerans , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Pseudomonas stutzeri , Pseudomonas sp., Sphingomonas paucimobilis , coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were each found in only one animal; Staphylococcus spp. was found in two; and Vibrio fluvialis in four. Thirteen samples had only one bacteria isolated, one sample had two bacteria, and one sample had three bacteria isolated. Regarding sex, age group, and origin among the manatees examined, 54.5% (6/11) of the females, 58.3% (7/12) of the males, 40% (2/5) of the calves, 66.7% (8/12) of the juveniles, 50% (3/6) of the adults, 55.5% (10/18) at CMA-PE, and 60% (3/5) at CMA-AL were found to be positive for bacterial growth during at least one sampling time. All Antillean manatees were clinically ill. Regarding clinical signs, bacteria were found in 50% (11/22) of blood samples of the animals showing debilitation and anorexia, 1 of 8 (12.5%) of blood samples of the animals showing abscesses, and 3 of 7 (42.9%) of blood samples of the animals showing profound lethargy-moribundity.

Pesq. Vet. Bras. 32(2):159-164, fevereiro 2012 159 RESUMO.-O estudo epidemiológico de patógenos em populações selvagens no ambiente in situ e ex situ é fundamental para implementação de programas de prevenção, controle e monitoramento de enfermidades e para elabo- The epidemiological study of pathogens in wild populations in the environment in situ and ex situ is essential for implementation of prevention, control and monitoring of diseases and for development of public policies for public and animal health. The study was conducted at the Zoo of Parque Estadual de Dois Irmãos, Recife/PE, Brazil, from January to July 2011, where we collected anal and otological swabs from 29 Zoo's captive wild carnivores. The analysis of the otological swabs showed that 1/29 (3.4%) were positive for Malassezia pachydermatis on direct examination. In the microbiological examination of otologic swabs we found mainly bacteriae of the genus Bacillus 16/29 (55.2%), followed by Staphylococcus 15/29 (51.7%), Escherichia coli 7/29 (24.1%), Streptobacillus 1/29 (3.4%), Micrococcus 1/29 (3.4%) and Klebsiella 1/29 (3.4%). Regarding the presumptive test for the genus Salmonella from rectal swabs, positive samples were observed in six foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and a raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus). The isolation of Salmonella spp. in C. thous and P. cancrivorus indicates risks to public health, especially for zoo professionals who work directly with these animals. This research reinforces the importance of establishing surveillance strategies aimed at prevention, control and monitoring of potential reservoirs of the etiologic agents of infectious and parasitic diseases in the environment of zoos. Microbiologia de INTRODUÇÃOO estudo epidemiológico de patógenos em populações selvagens no ambiente in situ e ex situ é fundamental para implementação de programas de prevenção, controle e monitoramento de enfermidades e para elaboração de políticas públicas de saúde pública e animal (Jorge et al. 2010). Salmonella spp. são bactérias Gram-negativas, móveis, que podem infectar a maioria das espécies de animais, entre mamíferos, aves e répteis, inclusive os humanos, sendo considerada uma zoonose de grande importância fecal--oral, ocorrendo principalmente pelo conta to direto ou indireto com animais infectados ou pela ingestão de alimentos ou água contaminada (Carvalho 2006).A otite é uma enfermidade multifatorial resultante do processo inϐlamatório da cavidade auditiva tendo origem na região externa e podendo prolongar-se até o sistema vestíbulo-coclear. Esse processo migratório geralmente é acompanhado por complicações mais graves e extensas (Greene 1993). Malassezia pachydermatis é uma levedura de natureza oportunista, tornando-se patogênica quando há uma alteração no ambiente microbiológico da superϐície da pele ou no sistema imunológico do hospedeiro levando a um quadro de otite (Mendes et al. 2011). Outras espécies que também podem provocar otite são Malassezia globosa e M. sympodialis (Coutinho et al. 2006).Objetivou-se com este trabalho realizar um...

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The present study aimed to conduct a serosurvey of toxoplasmosis in domestic rabbits of Northeastern Brazil. Blood samples and tissue fragments (brain, heart and diaphragm) were collected from 150 and 54 rabbits from the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, respectively. The serum samples were subjected to serological analysis (Modified Agglutination Test - MAT) and the tissue samples were assessed by PCR and histopathological analysis. Data collected through questionnaires were subjected to analysis of risk factors. According to the MAT and the PCR results, 6.7% (10/150; CI 3.2%-11.9%) of the rabbits were positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies and 9.25% (5/54) of the tissue fragments were positive for T. gondii DNA, respectively. Lesions associated with T. gondii infection, mainly characterized by granuloma, mononuclear cell infiltrates, degeneration areas and necrosis in brain and heart, were detected in the histopathological analysis. The risk factors associated with T. gondii infection identified in the present study were homemade food (odds ratio = 39.00) and contact between cats and rabbits (odds ratio = 52.00). This is the first report of toxoplasmosis in rabbits of Northeastern Brazil. The management problems identified in the present study must be corrected to reduce the frequency of positive animals in herds of rabbits.

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This study aimed to investigate the frequency of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum from 629 chickens on 39 family farms in seven municipalities in the semiarid region, Pernambuco, Brazil, and to identify risk factors associated with T. gondii infection. The risk factors were studied in 421 samples from 29 farms. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were investigated by indirect fluorescent antibody test with a 1:16 cutoff. The frequency of positive chickens was 27.9% (176/629) and 94.8% of the farms studied had chickens infected by T. gondii. Multivariate analysis showed variables significantly associated with anti-T. gondii antibodies in serum: slaughter of animals on the farm, reproductive disorders in sheep, consumption of fetal adnexa and placentas by chickens, presence of sheep in the property and birth of sheep the property. The results suggest that there is a complex relationship between general management practices for different animal species raised on the same farm and the prevalence of T. gondii infection in chickens. In addition, the results draw attention to the risk of human infection by T. gondii via consumption of infected chicken meat, because the farming conditions and the low human development indices observed in the region studied result in inappropriate meat preparation practices.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and parasite DNA in backyard chickens bred in the metropolitan area of Recife, Brazil. In total, 212 serum samples were collected from 16 properties, and 12 backyard chickens were collected in the six sanitary districts of Recife. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was used to investigate the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect T. gondii DNA in brain, heart, liver and lung specimens. Of the samples analyzed by serology, 86/212 (40.56%) were positive; of the samples analyzed by PCR, 2/12 (16.7%) were positive, with both samples positive by both tests (serological and molecular). The presence of antibody anti-T. gondii and parasite DNA in tissues of these animals are worrying aspects for public health because there is a risk of transmission of the parasite to humans through eating undercooked or raw meat. Based on the results, the adoption of preventive measures to prevent the cats access to the chickens creations should be encouraged, since these animals were identified in most of the studied properties.Keywords: Toxoplasmosis, Gallus gallus domesticus, Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Brazil. ResumoO objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e de DNA do parasito em galinhas de criações domésticas, na região metropolitana de Recife, Brasil. No total, 212 amostras de soro foram coletadas de aves de 16 estabelecimentos e de 12 galinhas de criações domésticas nos seis distritos sanitários de Recife. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii foi utilizada a Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI). A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) foi utilizada para detectar o DNA de T. gondii em fragmentos de cérebro, coração, fígado e pulmão. Das amostras analisadas por sorologia, 86/212 (40,56%) foram positivas. Das amostras analisadas por PCR, 2/212 (16,7%) foram positivas, em ambos os testes (sorológicos e moleculares). A presença de anticorpos anti-T. gondii e de DNA parasitário nos tecidos desses animais são aspectos preocupantes para saúde pública, porque há o risco de transmissão do parasita para humanos através da ingestão de carne mal cozida ou crua. Com base nos resultados obtidos, a adoção de medidas preventivas que evitem o acesso de gatos às criações de galinhas deve ser incentivada, uma vez que esses animais foram identificados na maioria das propriedades estudadas.