Treatment with TA or HA supported chondrocyte morphology in culture and protected chondrocytes from toxic effects exerted by LPS, AS, and MC.

Several pelvic parameters are suitable for objective quantification of changes after diagnostic analgesia in hindlimb-lame horses. A change of 9-13% per lameness grade can be expected. Upward movement of the tubera coxae is the most sensitive objective measure for quantifying a response to diagnostic analgesia. However, when assessed visually, this measure requires simultaneous focusing on pelvic and limb movements. Other parameters that show a similar response might be more easily perceived, requiring only assessment of tubera coxae range of motion or downward displacement of the sacrum without simultaneous focus on limb movement.

EQUINE Indications, complications, and prognosis for horses undergoing exploratory colic surgery for a variety of conditions have been extensively described. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Although the quality of care and rate of survival to hospital discharge for horses undergoing colic surgery have increased over the past decades and are now generally considered good, several complications can occur during the immediate postoperative period, which influence short-and long-term outcome. 5,10Postoperative ileus and recurring colic are considered the most commonly encountered problems and, if severe or unrelenting, might require a second celiotomy shortly after the first procedure. Little information is available about horses requiring a second abdominal surgery shortly after

Results suggested TA is a potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory medication for acute synovitis in horses and that simultaneous administration of mepivacaine does not alter the potency or duration of action of TA.