Globally, attention has majorly been focused on pollution and exhaustion of fossil fuels allied to the conventional energy sources while the non-conventional energy/renewable energy sources have always been considered clean and environmentally friendly. Of the two, the non-conventional (renewable) is being preferred because it is believed to be more environmentally friendly. Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) especially Solar Photovoltaics have seen many plants being constructed to either supplement the grid or as alternatives for those far from the grid. Solar Photovoltaics plants occupy large tracts of land which would have been used for other economic activities for revenue generation such as agriculture, forestry or tourism in archaeological sites. The negative impacts slow down the application of Solar PV , but a modelling tool that can easily and quantitively assess the impacts in monetary form would accelerate the Solar PV application. The work presents a developed modelling tool that is able to assess not only the techno-economic impacts but also the environmental impacts in monetary form, for one to be able to determine the viability of a plant in a given region. The results are compared with those of HOMER software.
Rural electrification in Kenya is a major concern to all players contributing to the national development. Research investigations have shown that the motivation for electrification in Kenya is very high [ 11. To satis@ this growing appetite, data is required on which to assess the implications of a greater domestically based energy policy.
Abstract:Currently the greatest threat to the power systems reliability and security is the cascading of electric system failures thus causing power blackouts. For quite some time now, the world has been encountering many power blackouts as a result of these cascading failures. The cascading power failure instances pose great risks towards the integrity of power system network. This may finally lead to the splitting of the power system into various small unintentional islands. Hence, intentional or controlled islanding is then utilized as a preventive measure to mitigate the losses caused by unintentional islanding of the power system. Thus, by doing this, the entire power system is split into controlled island regions for the purposes of easy handling and control. In such situation, each islanded region should have sufficient generation to supply its connected loads in order to remain operative and stable. It should also be pointed out that intentional islanding is very important as it can prevent the entire power system from collapsing. The distributed generators supplying the loads in these islands may not be able to maintain the voltage and frequency within desired limits in the distribution system when it is islanded within the micro grid. There may be a power deficit within the island. This eventually leads to shedding of some loads within the island for the sake of stability of the system. Hence the main challenge here is to determine the appropriate and reliable method to optimize the power supply and the load demand in the island and thus maintain the voltage and frequency within the desired limit. In this study we focused on the determination of the minimum load amount for shedding within the islanded region and the prioritization of the buses for shedding so that electricity supply to customers could be maximized using ABC algorithm. From the results obtained, the ABC algorithm can be successfully applied for solving the optimization and prioritization problems within the island being supplied by a DG. The ABC algorithm has several merits over other algorithms which makes it suitable in this application. These advantages include; it is easily implemented, flexible, has few control parameters, easily hybridized with other optimization algorithms and can be modified very easily to suit any application. This system was simulated in MATLAB and SIMULINK using IEEE fourteen bus systems.
The increased use of distributed generation in the power system due to increased load demand has brought about many benefits to the power grids. This is due to the concerns about whether the technology in use currently in power generation and distribution, is sufficient to cover the future increasing demand with the limited supply. In response to this problem of increased load demand, efforts have been made to decentralize this infrastructure through the use of distributed generators. The benefits of using distributed generation include; improved reliability and increased efficiency in power supply, avoidance of transmission and distribution capacity upgrades, improved power quality and reduced line losses, minimize peak load demand, reduce voltage flicker, eliminate the need of having high spinning reserve among others. Despite these advantages, unintentional islanding remains a big challenge and has to be addressed in integration of Distributed Generation to the power system. Unlike inverter based distributed generators, rotating machine based generators with fast response governors and AVRs are highly capable of sustaining an island. Therefore, anti-islanding protection for these generators is a more challenging problem in comparison with the inverter-based DG. This paper analyses the use of wavelet transform in islanding detection for rotating based distributed generators.
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