The present study focuses on the standardization of the supercritical fluid extraction of the Bhut Jolokia (Capsicum chinense) which is abundantly grown in the north eastern region of India. The effect of process parameters pressure (75–225 bar), temperature (40–60 °C) and time (30–90 min) of oleoresin extraction process was studied. The standardized condition to obtain maximum extraction of Bhut Jolokia oleoresin was found to be 207 bar, 60 °C and 73 min. The oleoresin extract was analyzed for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and total phenolics content. Four strains of bacteria namely Escherichia coli (ATCC -11,229), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC- 11,774), Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC- 14,028) and Staphylococcus aureus (12,600) were used for the antimicrobial assay. It was observed that the highest inhibition was seen against E. coli, moderate inhibition was seen against S.aureus and S. typhi and partial/no zone of inhibition was observed against B. subtilis. The extract of Bhut Jolokia oleoresin showed radical scavenging activity of 58.6 ± 3.86% and total phenolics content of 4250 ± 2.26 mg GAE/100 g sample indicating Bhut Jolokia oleoresin as a good antioxidant and is also a good source of phenolic compounds.

Psoriasis is a complex, chronic, multifactorial, inflammatory disease which involves hyper proliferation of the keratinocytes in the epidermis, with an increase in the epidermal cell turnover rate. At present time, Psoriasis is one of the most common human skin diseases. Majority of the dermatological disorders have been described under the roof of Kushtha in Ayurveda. In this article, ancient Indian literature regarding dermatological disorders is studied thoroughly to make a comparison between the information given in ayurvedic classical texts and those given in modern medical science in relation to psoriasis. After studying Kustha in ayurvedic literature, it is clear that the disease Psoriasis is mostly comparable with two varieties of kshudrakustha ie. Eka kustha and Kitibha kustha and also with a variety mahakustha i.e., Sidhma kustha. It is also clear from the study that there is vast resemblance between the Panchanidan i.e., Nidan, Purvarupa, Rupa, Upasaya, Samprapti of Kustha and the etiopathogenesis and symptomatology of psoriasis. The objective of this review is successful in comparing psoriasis with kustha with special reference to Ekakustha and Kitibha kustha. Due to the close resemblance, it is also tried in this work that the treatment procedures along with various formulations mentioned in skin disorders of ayurveda can be applied in psoriasis which adds new dimensions in management of such a chronic and complex disease.

Renal disorders are growing very rapidly among people all over the world nowadays and the treatment modalities available in modern medicine have undesirable side effects on human health. Plants of mutravirechaniya mahakashaya, described as, 35th mahakashaya in the 4th chapter of Charaka Samhita, Purvardha are mostly recognised for their urine inducing or urinary flow increasing capacity along with urinary system defending property in the ancient ayurvedic medical science. Formulations containing these plants as main ingredients have been regularly prescribed for the cases of abdominal fluid collection, renal problems, renal calculi, fluid collection in the lower extremities or any other cases of fluid overload in traditional system of Indian medicine. Studies approving urinary flow enhancing capacity along with the urinary calculi destroying property for the active ingredient of the individual plant, explain these plants’ utilization for renal diseases. Induction of adequate urine output is the basic concept of treatment for these disorders as majority of these conditions hamper normal filtration mechanism of the excretory system. Current article tries to specify the research works done scientifically upon the herbs having diuretic properties grouped together under the roof of mutravirechaniya mahakashaya in ayurvedic classics. It is composed of the knowledge gained from various scholarly articles, scientific papers, books and research topics gathered through the medium of documentation and internet. The presented compilation work helps towards proving its biological activities and pharmacology of its extracts which will contribute towards further exploration of this group of great clinical potential. However, further studies should be carried out to identify the mechanism of the pharmacological actions of these drugs classically mentioned in a group of diuretics.

Cirrhosis is the severe scarring of the liver and poor liver function seen at the terminal stages of chronic liver disease. The scarring is most often caused by long-term exposure to toxins such as alcohol or viral infections. It tends to progress slowly and often does not cause symptoms in its early stages. However,as the function of the liver gradually becomes worse, serious problems can develop. In Ayurveda, Yakrit is considered as an important anga right from the vedic period. Ayurvedic classical references are available regarding the enlargement of Yakrta. The disease Yakrddalyudara has been included in eight types of Udara Roga in Ayurvedic classics. In this article,an effort is made to understand the aetiopathogenesis, sign and symptoms Yakrddalyudara and its management mentioned in classical Ayurvedic texts along with its modern counterpart. There is no need to say that till date, no definite therapy is available in western system of medicine for the management of terminal diseases like cirrhosis of liver. Ayurvedic treatment seems to be very specific including pitta pacifying therapy and purificatory therapy.These measures mentioned in classics are also focused in this study which provide management in natural way with no adverse effects.

Combating pathogenic and spoilage-causing bacteria has been a concern for agrifood sectors. Also, outbreaks affecting human health, impeding socio-economic development and world economy, and the rising incidence of bacterial resistance toward antibiotics require better control measures. Bacteriophages act as an efficient antibacterial tool to inhibit the growth of pathogenic as well as spoilage bacteria.Phages are target-specific and inactive toward eukaryotes enabling their application pertinent to the food industry. However, sensitivity to specific environmental conditions reduces their stability during storage. As an all-natural, easily accessible antibacterial agent in the biosphere, the application of these organisms in food industry gives them an edge over other available decontamination methods. This article discusses in detail the recent pre-and post-harvest application of phages, their effect against biofilms, and as potential antimicrobial active packaging material. It also provides insight into the present commercialized phage products and various parameters crucial for upscaling phages. Novelty impact statement• Phages are promising tools for control of bacterial contamination in food products.• Activity of phages are highly dependent on phage-host concentration and food matrix on which they are loaded.• Adaptive evolution could be a solution to overcome high-temperature setbacks associated with phage application.