TOC Summary: This method is time and labor efficient and minimizes potential risk for virus aerosolization.

No abstract

In this study, extraction and synthesis of SiO 2 nanoparticles from silica sands have been conducted by means of two different methods, i.e. dry method (method 1) and hydrothermal process (method 2). The basic difference between the two methods is in the extraction step. The two methods were compared in terms of being more efficient, economical, and superior in obtaining SiO 2 nanoparticles. The SiO 2 nanoparticles were characterized in terms of phase purity, crystallinity, Si-O functional bonding as well as particles size and morphology. The most interesting fact in this study was the formation of both quartz and cristobalite phases within all prepared SiO 2 nanoparticles.

A series of Mn x Fe 3−x O 4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanoparticles was successfully synthesized via a simple coprecipitation method. The starting material was a natural magnetite purified from local iron sand. Crystallite nanoparticles were produced by drying without using a high calcination temperature. Rietveld analysis of the X-ray diffractometry (XRD) data for all samples demonstrated that the Mn ions partially substituted the Fe ions in the spinel cubic structure of the Fe 3 O 4 to form Mn x Fe 3−x O 4 phases. We applied two lognormal spherical and single mass fractal models to the analysis of the small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data and revealed that the primary Mn x Fe 3−x O 4 particles ranged in size from 1.5 to 3.8 nm and formed three-dimensional Darminto

Compared to other viruses, research on Nipah virus has been limited in Indonesia because attributable disease outbreaks have not been reported. However, Nipah virus is a zoonotic Biosafety Level 4 (BSL4) agent, so strategic monitoring is prudent. Farmer interviews and a serologic survey of 610 pig sera and 99 bat sera from West Kalimantan province were conducted. Farmers reported no recent or historic encephalitic or respiratory disease in themselves, their families, workers or pigs. The survey found no evidence of exposure to Nipah virus in pigs. In contrast, 19% of the 84 Pteropus vampyrus bat sera reacted in the ELISA, but none of 15 Cynopterus brachyotis bats reacted.