The development of sodium ion batteries is largely motivated by the growing cost and limited resources of lithium. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), in the form of selforganized and well-oriented nanotube arrays, are considered as a highly attractive anode material for sodium ion batteries, due to their inherent safety, low cost, and structural stability. This work reports on the sodiation and desodiation characteristics of anodically grown, self-organized TiO 2 nanotubes annealed in an Ar/C 2 H 2 atmosphere (TiO 2−x − C). It is found that anatase TiO 2−x −C nanotubes demonstrate substantial self-improving charge storage capacities as cycling proceeds, leading to a specific capacity of 202.2 ± 50.6 mAh g −1 at a current rate of 30 mA g −1 (C/20). Subsequent kinetic analysis reveals a pseudocapacitive contribution which dominates the Na storage process in TiO 2−x −C nanotubes at fast sodiation rates. This pseudocapacitance in TiO 2−x −C nanotubes is found to enable exceptional high-rate capabilities with a specific capacity of 58.4 ± 14.6 mAh g −1 at a current rate of 12 A g −1 (20C).

The transition from rare to natural abundant materials in rechargeable batteries is becoming a grand challenge in developing a resource sustainable power supply. Since decades, scientists attempt to circumvent the lithium's resource problem by innovating alternative active metal ions. A cost‐effective alternative to lithium is to use sodium (Na) as the carrier ion in rechargeable batteries. We present an electrode composite material comprising anthraquinone (AQ) and nanostructured carbon fibers, as a cathode material for Na‐ion batteries. These electrodes are characterized by a large surface area, ordered porous network, large pore volume and good electrical conductivity. The material is further compared to the water soluble, mono‐substituted anthraquinone derivative, sulfonated 9,10‐anthraquinone (SAQ). While the SAQ/carbon fiber composite demonstrates a moderate initial discharge capacity of ∼95 mAh g−1 accompanied by substantial, initial capacity fading, the AQ/carbon fiber composite shows a remarkably high discharge capacity of ∼307 mAh g−1 and exhibit reasonable cycling stability over 115 charge/discharge cycles in a Na containing electrolyte. This may be best explained by the well‐structured intermolecular π‐π stacking of the thermally evaporated AQ layers and with the subjacent carbon fibers. Since AQ and SAQ are widely‐used industrial pigments, they may offer a cost‐effective, abundant and environmentally benign cathode material for secondary Na‐ion and Na‐flow batteries.

In this work 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI)i si nvestigated as electrode material for organic Na-ion batteries. Since PTCDI is aw idely used industrial pigment, it may turn out to be ac ost-effective, abundant, and environmentally benign cathode materialf or secondary Na-ion batteries. Among other carbonyl pigments, PTCDI is especially interesting due to its high Na-storage capacity in combination with remarkable high rate capabilities.T he detailed analysiso fc yclic voltammetry measurements reveals a diffusion-less mechanism,s uggesting that Na-ion storagei n the PTCDI film allows for exceptionally fast charging/dischargingr ates. This finding is furtherc orroborated by galvanostatics odiation measurements at high rates of 17 C (2.3 Ag À1), showing that 57 %o ft he theoretically possible capacityo fP TCDI,o r7 8mAh g À1 ,a re attained in only 3.5 min charging time.

The ordering effects in anthraquinone (AQ) stacking forced by thin-film application and its influence on dimer solubility and current collector adhesion are investigated. The structural characteristics of AQ and its chemical environment are found to have a substantial influence on its electrochemical performance. Computational investigation for different charged states of AQ on a carbon substrate obtained via basin hopping global minimization provides important insights into the physicochemical thin-film properties. The results reveal the ideal stacking configurations of the individual AQ-carrier systems and show ordering effects in a periodic supercell environment. The latter reveals the transition from intermolecular hydrogen bonding toward the formation of salt bridges between the reduced AQ units and a stabilizing effect upon the dimerlike rearrangement, while the strong surface−molecular interactions in the thin-film geometries are found to be crucial for the formed dimers to remain electronically active. Both characteristics, the improved current collector adhesion and the stabilization due to dimerization, are mutual benefits of thin-film electrodes over powder-based systems. This hypothesis has been further investigated for its potential application in sodium ion batteries. Our results show that AQ thin-film electrodes exhibit significantly better specific capacities (233 vs 87 mAh g −1 in the first cycle), Coulombic efficiencies, and long-term cycling performance (80 vs 4 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles) over the AQ powder electrodes. By augmenting the experimental findings via computational investigations, we are able to suggest design strategies that may foster the performance of industrially desirable powder-based electrode materials.

Anthraquinone (AQ) has been long identified as a highly promising lead structure for various applications in organic electronics. Considering the enormous number of possible substitution patterns of the AQ lead...