KEYWORDStungsten disulfide nanotubes, inorganic nanotube of tungsten disulfide (INT-WS 2 ), Vilsmeier-Haack reagents, polycarboxylation, inorganic nanotube functionalization ABSTRACT Inorganic nanotubes of tungsten disulfide (INTs-WS 2 ) are insoluble in common solvents and practically inert, hindering their usefulness in both research and commercial applications. The covalent attachment of functional species onto the surface of INT-WS 2 is a critical first step in realizing the potential that INT-WS 2 offer for high-performance materials and products. Although a few attempts have been reported regarding preparing modified nanotubes, only a limited range of surface functionalities is possible with these methods. We have developed a versatile method, based on a modified, highly electrophilic acidic VilsmeierHaack reagent, to produce covalently bonded, polycarboxylated functional WS 2 nanotubes that are dispersible in polar liquids, including water. The surface polycarboxylated shell provides a means for additional derivatization, enabling matching compatibility of derivatized nanotubes to both hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials. Nanocomposites incorporating derivatized INT-WS 2 are expected to show improved properties as a result of enhanced interfacial compatibility, made possible by the large number of classes of functionalization available through the initial polycarboxylation step.
We have revisited the intramolecular Heck reaction and investigated the microwave-assisted macrocyclization on preformed peptides using a model series of ring-varying peptides acryloyl-Gly-[Gly](n)-Phe(4-I)NHR; n = 0-4. The method was applied to both solution and solid supported cyclizations. We demonstrate that the intramolecular Heck reaction can be performed in peptides both in solution and solid support using a modified domestic microwave within 1 to 30 minutes in DMF under reflux with moderate yields ranging from 15 to 25% for a scale between 2-45 mg of linear precursors. The approach was applied to the synthesis of a constrained biologically relevant peptidomimetic bearing an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence. These results make the microwave-assisted Heck reaction an attractive renovated approach for peptidomimetics.
Multifunctional nanoparticles have attracted significant interest as biomedical vehicles, combining diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic properties. We describe herein the construction of new nanoparticle conjugates comprising WS nanorods (NRs) coupled to fluorescent carbon dots (C-dots). We show that the WS -C-dot hybrids integrate the unique physical properties of the two species, specifically the photothermal activity of the WS NRs upon irradiation with near-infrared (NIR) light and the excitation-dependent luminescence emission of the C-dots. The WS -C-dot NRs have been shown to be non-cytotoxic and have been successfully employed for multicolour cell imaging and targeted cell killing under NIR irradiation, pointing to their potential utilization as effective therapeutic vehicles.
Inorganic transition metal dichalcogenide nanostructures are interesting for several biomedical applications such as coating for medical devices (e.g. endodontic files, catheter stents) and reinforcement of scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, their impact on human blood is unknown. A unique nanomaterial surface-engineering chemical methodology was used to fabricate functional polyacidic polyCOOH inorganic nanotubes of tungsten disulfide towards covalent binding of any desired molecule/organic species via chemical activation/reactivity of this former polyCOOH shell. The impact of these nanotubes on hemolysis, platelet aggregation and blood coagulation has been assessed using spectrophotometric measurement, light transmission aggregometry and thrombin generation assays. The functionalized nanotubes do not induce hemolysis but decrease platelet aggregation and induce coagulation through intrinsic pathway activation. The functional nanotubes were found to be more thrombogenic than the non-functional ones, suggesting lower hemocompatibility and increased thrombotic risk with functionalized tungsten disulfide nanotubes. These functionalized nanotubes should be used with caution in blood-contacting devices.
Triblock copolymers, polyethylene oxide-(hexa-p-phenylene)-polyethylene oxide, were synthesized and used for dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) in organic solvents. The resulting dispersions comprise mostly of individual tubes, as indicated by transmission electron microscopy at cryogenic temperatures. The dispersions could be dried and redispersed by the addition of a solvent, offering a useful method of application of predispersed SWNT. In situ optical spectroscopy indicates that the block copolymers which self-assemble in the native solution physically adsorb to the SWNT surface via the hexa-p-phenylene moiety. The noncovalent, weak adsorption competes with the polymer self-assembly, as clearly indicated by the emission spectra. The balance between self-assembly and adsorption is sensitive to the length of ethylene oxide side chains. The approach presented here may serve for optimization of the structure and composition of polymeric dispersants where one can chose between a long tail and a long adsorbing moiety, according to the specific needs presented by different applications of SWNT.
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