Pediatric follicular lymphoma (PFL) is a variant of follicular lymphoma (FL) presenting as localized lymphadenopathy in children. Unlike conventional adult FL, PFL typically does not recur or progress. Clear diagnostic criteria for PFL are lacking, and it is uncertain whether this indolent lymphoma is defined by age or may occur in adults. We analyzed 27 FL in patients < 40 years of age and found that all 21 cases that lacked a BCL2 gene abnormality (BCL2-N; P < .0001) and had > 30% Ki67 fraction (high proliferation index, HPI; P ؍ .0007) were stage I and did not progress or recur; in comparison, all 6 cases with BCL2 rearrangement and/or PI < 30% were stage III/IV, and 5 of 6 recurred or progressed. In a separate cohort of 58 adult FL (> 18 years of age), all
Water quality in Galápagos has been deteriorating by increased human impacts over the past few decades. Water quality is a key environmental component and issue in need to be evaluated in the Pelican Bay Watershed, the biggest urban and economic development of Santa Cruz Island, for better management and regulation of water resources. This study assesses coastal and ground water bodies of Pelican Bay by employing a 9-year dataset obtained during a local water quality monitoring program conducted by the Galápagos National Park. Physical-chemical and microbial parameters were evaluated with respect to national and international water quality standards. A statistical integrated approach was performed to calculate environmental background levels of water quality parameters and to explore their seasonal and spatial variation. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of changes in tourism and residents in San Cruz Island in the degradation of water sources. Results highlighted are: (a) water is not suitable for drinking and domestic use at some inland sites; (b) saline water is used for irrigation in the highlands; (c) the presence of parameters of concern at coastal sites represent a risk for human and ecosystem health; (d) background levels may serve for defining site-specific limits to control water quality, and; (e) the influence of population change on water quality conditions varied at each site with a higher effect at coastal sites relatively to inland sites. This study provided valuable information of the water quality status in Santa Cruz Island and can serve as a baseline for effective water management and control of pollution.
Surgery within radiated tissue is associated with increased complication rates. It is hypothesized that impaired wound healing may result from aberrant inflammatory responses that occur in previously radiated tissues. Previous work has demonstrated that the topical application of naturally occurring antigen α-gal (Galα1-3Galβ1-(3)4GlcNAc-R) nanoparticles (AGNs) within wounds accelerates macrophage recruitment and subsequent healing in both normal and diabetic wounds. Herein, we hypothesize that application of this antigen would similarly enhance wound healing in irradiated tissues. Methods: To simulate human physiology, α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (KO) mice were exposed to the antigen to produce anti-α-gal antibodies (anti-Gal). Ten days prior to wounding, the dorsal skin was irradiated with 1 session of 40 Gy. Bilateral dorsal 6-mm splinted full-thickness wounds were created within the radiated skin and treated with 50 µL of AGNs (50 mg/mL) immediately after wounding and again on postoperative day 1. A control KO group underwent similar irradiation and wounding protocols but was treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) vehicle. Wild-type (WT) mice, which do not produce anti-Gal, went through the same irradiation and wounding. Results: Histologic analysis demonstrated enhanced epithelial migration in the radiated/AGN-treated KO wounds, which was significantly elevated in comparison to radiated/PBS-treated KO wounds beginning by day 15 and continuing until the end of the study (p < 0.01). In WT mice, treatment with AGNs showed no effect on epithelial migration. Conclusions: Topical application of AGNs onto irradiated wounds significantly ameliorates the delayed wound healing classically seen in radiated skin and results in faster wound closure with only transient application.
Purpose Skin necrosis is a known postoperative complication of mastectomies. The pathophysiology of tissue necrosis involves lymphatic congestion, followed by venous congestion and ultimately arterial insufficiency. Recent mouse model studies have shown topical tacrolimus to increase growth of lymphatic collateral vessels and decrease lymphedema, potentially obviating the cycle of necrosis and increasing skin survival. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of topical tacrolimus on skin flap necrosis in a rat model. Methods A cranially based dorsal skin flap measuring 3 × 10 cm was raised and reinset on 22 Sprague-Dawley rats. They were then randomized to either the control (topical petroleum jelly) or the treatment (topical 0.1% tacrolimus) arm. In addition, 0.2 g of either ointment was spread over the flap and then covered with an occlusive dressing. Dressings were changed daily with reapplication of both the topical ointment and occlusive dressing. The rats were sacrificed 7 days postoperatively; areas of viable tissue, reversible ischemia, and full thickness necrosis were measured with Fiji software, and comparative analysis was performed with GraphPad statistical software. Results The average area of the dorsal flaps in the control and tacrolimus groups was 22.5 and 23.9 cm2, respectively. In the control cohort, the average viable area was 42.4%, the average reversible ischemia area was 43.6%, and the average necrotic area was 13.9%. In the tacrolimus cohort, the average viable area was 31.5%, the average reversible ischemia area was 59.3%, and the average necrotic area was 9.2%. Total necrotic area was significantly lower in rats receiving topical tacrolimus as compared with controls (P = 0.015). Furthermore, the ratios of necrotic to reversible ischemia and necrotic to viable tissue were significantly lower in the tacrolimus group as compared with controls (P = 0.003, P = 0.015). There was one incidence of wound dehiscence secondary to rodent self-removal of dressings and suture that required reoperation and reinset. Conclusions Topical tacrolimus was associated with significantly less full thickness necrosis as compared with topical.
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