Imaging mass spectrometry is becoming a reference technique in the field of lipidomics, due to its ability to map the distribution of hundreds of species in a single run, along a tissue section. The next frontier is now achieving increasing resolution powers to offer cellular (or even sub-cellular) resolution. Thus, the new spectrometers are equipped with sophisticated optical systems to decrease the laser spot to <30 μm. Here, we demonstrate that by using the correct matrix (i.e., a matrix that maximizes ion detection and forms small crystals) and a careful preparation, it is possible to achieve resolutions of ∼5-10 μm, even with spectrometers equipped with non-optimal optics, which produces laser spots of 50 μm or even larger. As a proof of concept, we present images of distributions of lipids, both in positive and negative ion mode, over human colon endoscopic sections, recorded using 2-mercaptobenzothiazole for positive ion mode and 2,5-diaminonaphtalene for negative ion mode and an LTQ-Orbitrap XL, equipped with a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source that produces astigmatic laser spots. Graphical Abstract Imaging mass spectrometry is becoming an invaluable technique to complement traditional histology, but still higher resolutions are required. Here we deal with such issue.
L atin-American countries have low-and middle-income economies and strive to reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases. A major limitation of these countries is the scarcity of data necessary to develop appropriate health policies. According to United Nations, Latin-American countries need to improve data collection systems required for Background and Purpose-Epidemiological data about stroke are scarce in low-and middle-income Latin-American countries. We investigated annual incidence of first-ever stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) and 30-day casefatality rates in a population-based setting in Tandil, Argentina. Methods-We prospectively identified all first-ever stroke and TIA cases from overlapping sources between January 5, 2013, and April 30, 2015, in Tandil, Argentina. We calculated crude and standardized incidence rates. We estimated 30-day case-fatality rates. Results-We identified 334 first-ever strokes and 108 TIAs. Age-standardized incidence rate per 100 000 for Segi's World population was 76.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 67.8-85.9) for first-ever stroke and 25.1 (95% CI, 20.2-30.7) for first-ever TIA, 56.1 (95% CI, 48.8-64.2) for ischemic stroke, 13.5 (95% CI, 9.9-17.9) for intracerebral hemorrhage, and 4.9 (95% CI, 2.7-8.1) for subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke incidence was slightly higher for men (87.8; 95% CI, 74.6-102.6) than for women (73.2; 95% CI, 61.7-86.1) when standardized for the Argentinean population. Thirty-day case-fatality rate was 14.7% (95% CI, 10.8-19.5) for ischemic stroke, 24.1% (95% CI, 14.2-36.6) for intracerebral hemorrhage, and 1.9% (95% CI, 0.4-5.8) for TIA. Conclusions-This study provides the first prospective population-based stroke and TIA incidence and case-fatality estimate in Argentina. First-ever stroke incidence was lower than that reported in previous Latin-American studies, but first-ever TIA incidence was higher. Thirty-day case-fatality rates were similar to those of other population-based PrEViSTA, the Program for the Epidemiological Evaluation of Stroke In Tandil, Argentina, is a prospective populationbased study of first-ever stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) incidence; distribution of risk factors; and 30-day, 6-month, and 12-month case-fatality rates and recurrence. 8 In this analysis, we report first-ever stroke and TIA incidence and 30-day case-fatality rates. MethodsUsing several overlapping strategies, we enrolled all first-ever ischemic strokes (IS), intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH), subarachnoid hemorrhages, strokes of undetermined cause, and TIAs in Tandil, between January 5, 2013, and April 30, 2015 ( Figure I in the online-only Data Supplement). We standardized first-ever stroke (IS+ICH+subarachnoid hemorrhage+stroke of undetermined cause) and TIA incidence rates to Argentinean, Segi's European, European 2013, Segi's World, and WHO World populations by the direct method. We calculated casefatality rates and performed Kaplan-Meier analyses to estimate survival curves. We used the log-rank test (Mantel-Cox) to compare surviv...
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