There are two main clusters of clinically significant radial artery perforators. Increased knowledge of size, location, and cutaneous territory of the radial artery perforators can lead to expanded use of the radial artery forearmflap based on cutaneous perforators alone, without sacrificing the radial artery.

Using a novel dynamic three-dimensional imaging technique, perfusion of the arterial and venous system of the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap was elucidated. Although the flap is inherently thin, it can be safely thinned between the superficial and deep adipose layers. This study identified important advantages of the thoracodorsal artery perforator flap for use in reconstruction.