Objectives
This study aims to compare the fingerprint and the content of the three components of sweated and non-sweated Salvia miltiorrhiza alcoholic extracts (SSAE and NSAE). It also aims to investigate the difference in protective effects of SSAE and NSAE on myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI).
Methods
The fingerprints of SSAE and NSAE were established by HPLC with a UV detector to identify the common peaks and detect the content of the three major components (cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA). The protective effects of SSAE and NSAE were compared with MIRI rat model after orally administered SSAE and NSAE (2 g/kg of raw drug) for 7 days. The ST segment, PR and QT interval changes and the infarct size were assessed in the rat hearts. Moreover, the activity of aspartate transaminase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of cardiac troponin I (cTn I) in serum as well as the cardiac H&E staining were evaluated.
Key findings
The results showed that the fingerprints of SSAE and NSAE were similar, and cluster analysis showed that the sweating methods had effects on the alcoholic extracts. The content determination showed that sweating could increase the total content of cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA of S. miltiorrhiza. The results of electrocardiograms (ECG) showed that SSAE could make the ST segment drop more obviously, PR and QT intervals become shorter, and the size of the infarct much smaller. Compared with NSAE, SSAE had more significant effects on the enzymatic activity of AST, LDH and the level of cTn I in serum. The H&E staining showed that both SSAE and NSAE could reduce the degree of heart damage.
Conclusions
The present investigation results demonstrated that sweating increased the content of tanshinone components in S. miltiorrhiza alcoholic extracts, and SSAE had a better protective effect on MIRI.
Cognitive dysfunction, the major clinical manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is caused by irreversible progressive neurological dysfunction. With the aging of the population, the incidence of AD is increasing year by year. However, there is neither a simple and accurate early diagnosis method, nor an effective method to alleviate or prevent the occurrence and progression of AD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a number of heterogeneous membrane structures that arise from the endosome system or shed from the plasma membrane. In the brain, almost every kind of cell may have EVs, which are related to cell-cell communication and regulate cellular function. At present, an increasing body of evidence suggests that EVs play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD, and it is of great significance to use them as specific biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets for cognitive impairment in AD. This article reviews the potential role of EVs as diagnostic biomarkers and treatments for cognitive dysfunction in AD.
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