OBJECTIVE -The aim of this data analysis was to ascertain the type and prevalence rate as well as age and sex distribution of cardiovascular risk factors in type 1 diabetic patients up to 26 years of age.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, poor glycemic control, and smoking were analyzed in 27,358 patients who were divided into three groups (prepubertal, pubertal, and adult) using specifically designed diabetes software for prospective disease documentation.RESULTS -More than half of the patients per age-group had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Two risk factors were age dependently found in 6.2-21.7% and three or four risk factors in 0.5-4.7%. Elevated values of HbA 1c , total cholesterol, and BMI were found most frequently. Hypertension, smoking, and HDL cholesterol were observed more frequently in males, and elevated BMI, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol more often in females. Although 28.6% of the patients had dyslipidemia, merely 0.4% of them received medical treatment, and of the 8.1% of the patients with hypertension, only 2.1% of them were given antihypertensive medication.CONCLUSIONS -With increasing age, a greater number of patients with cardiovascular risk factors were observed. Significant sex differences were seen in the majority of risk factors. Despite the high prevalence of risk factors, only a small minority of patients received antihypertensive or lipid-lowering treatment. Early identification, prevention, and treatment of additional risk factors seem to be necessary, particularly in light of the high incidence of future cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 29:218 -225, 2006T ype 1 diabetes is increasingly recognized as an independent risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease (CVD) and elevated cardiovascular death rate in patients aged 20 -39 years (1). Postmortem studies in children and youth who had died an unnatural death also showed that the development of atherosclerotic lesions of the vessel wall starts in childhood and that there is a close relationship to cardiovascular risk factors. In the Bogalusa Heart Study (2) and the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study (3), the evaluation of premortal existing risk factors (glycohemoglobin Ͼ8%, increased lipids, hypertension, obesity, and smoking) verified their unfavorable influence on the progression of atherosclerosis. Because childhood and adolescence diabetes is commonly associated with additional risk factors (4,5), we conducted this analysis to obtain reliable data about character and prevalence rate as well as age and sex differences of potential atherogenic risk factors in a large population of German children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN ANDMETHODS -Based on the continuous diabetes data acquisition system for prospective surveillance (DPV), a crosssectional analysis was carried out to evaluate associated cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 1 diabetes. The data do...

OBJECTIVETo investigate diabetes-specific autoantibodies and additional autoimmune phenomena in a large cohort of young patients with type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSData from 28,671 patients <30 years with type 1 diabetes from 242 specialized centers in Germany and Austria were analyzed.RESULTSAt least one β-cell antibody was present in 81.6% of patients. β-cell–Ab-negative patients were significantly younger at diabetes onset (P < 0.0001). A total of 19.6% had positive thyroid antibodies with female predominance (62%, P < 0.0001). Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase were present in 10.7%, with a significantly longer duration of diabetes (P < 0.0001). Parietal cell antibodies were found in 283 patients, associated with older age (P < 0.001), and adrenal antibodies were present in 94 patients. In 575 patients, at least three different autoimmune phenomena were present.CONCLUSIONSThyroid autoimmunity and antibodies suggestive for celiac disease are the most prevalent additional immune phenomena in type 1 diabetes. Parietal/adrenal antibodies are rare.

(i) Fasting is no precondition for the determination of TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C; (ii) TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C are strongest associated with gender and HbA1c followed by BMI and age; (iii) Gender- and age-adjusted cholesterol percentiles of well-controlled and normal weight patients with T1DM may serve as reference values and are similar to healthy German children; and (iv) Single target values for TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C based on healthy individuals' data do not sufficiently characterize abnormal cholesterol levels in young patients with T1DM.

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OBJECTIVEResearch on b-cell autoimmunity in cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes (CFRD) is still rare. We aimed to analyze the frequency of b-cell autoimmunity and the influence on age at diabetes onset, insulin requirement, type of insulin therapy, and hypoglycemic or ketoacidotic events in patients with CFRD compared with antibody-negative patients with CFRD in the Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation (DPV) registry. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe analyzed data of 837 patients with CFRD in the German/Austrian DPV database by multivariable mixed-regression modeling. RESULTSIn our cohort, 8.5% of patients with CFRD (n = 72) were found to be b-cell antibody positive. There was a female preponderance in this patient group: 65.3 vs. 57.6%. Diabetes onset (median [interquartile range]) was earlier (14.00 [10.15-15.90] vs. 16.10 [13.50-21.20] years; P < 0.005), and insulin dose/kg body weight was higher (0.95 [0.61-1.15] vs. 0.67 [0.33-1.04] IU/kg; P < 0.05). There were also differences in the type of insulin treatment. Insulin pump therapy was used significantly more often in patients with CFRD with b-cell autoimmunity (18.2 vs. 6.4%; P < 0.05). The differences for multiple daily injections (ICT) and conventional therapy (CT) were not significant (ICT: 67.7 vs. 79.0%; CT: 15.2 vs. 14.6). Oral antidiabetic agents were rarely used in both groups. Rate of severe hypoglycemia with coma and rate of ketoacidosis were higher in antibody-positive patients (hypoglycemia with coma: 8.0 vs. 1.4, P < 0.05; ketoacidosis: 9.3 vs. 0.9, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONSPresence of b-cell autoantibodies in our cohort of patients with CFRD (8.5%) appeared to be greater than in the general population and was associated with female sex, earlier onset of diabetes, and higher insulin requirement. Insulin pump therapy was used significantly more often in patients with b-cell antibodies. Severe hypoglycemia and ketoacidosis were significantly more frequent in CFRD with b-cell autoimmunity compared with b-cell antibody-negative patients with CFRD.