The spleen is the largest organ of lymphatic system in the human body with distinct circulatory and immunomodulatory functions. Therefore, comprehensive knowledge of splenic anatomical variations and dimensions are essential for early diagnosis, appropriate management and prevention of various infectious diseases and prevention of complications during splenectomy for surgeons. Aim: The aim of the study is to find morphology of spleen in fetus specimens, morphology of spleen in adults and the incidence of variations in the morphology of spleen in both fetal and adult specimens. Material and Methods: The present study included 40 fetal and 40 adult cadaveric spleen. The morphological features like shape, poles, borders, surfaces and the impressions of spleen were observed. Results: In the Fetal group, most common shape observed was wedge or segment of an orange in 52.5%, tetrahedral in 35%, triangular in 7.5%. In the present study in adult specimens, 52.5% of spleen were tetrahedral, 35% were wedge or segment of an orange, 20% were triangular and 2.5% were oval in shape. Of total 80% of the spleen showed notches. Conclusion: Exclusive knowledge of morphological variations, antenatal detection of splenic anomalies a re beneficial to elucidate developmental defects, early diagnosis and prompt treatment of intrauterine infections. The awareness of them morphological variations of spleen is of fundamental importance to the clinicians, radiologists, Hematologists and surgeons while performing surgical procedures on spleen.

Introduction: The spleen is a largest collection of lymphoid tissue with peculiar anatomical and physiological features. Spleen plays an important role in fetal hematopoiesis and immunomodulation. The aim of the study is to perform detailed histological analysis of human fetal splenic specimens of various gestational ages  and compare the findings with earlier studies. Material and  Methods:  The  present  study  included  40  fetal cadaveric spleen and  morphometric features i.e., weight was measured and the sections of the spleen were stained  with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and were observed under compound light microscope Results: In the present study the histology of spleens of prenatal group showed the well defined red pulp, venous sinusoids and diffusely spread lymphocytes at 18 weeks of gestation and the organization of lymphoid follicles was noticed at 24-28 weeks. At 32 weeks well defined white pulp was observed and the microscopic architecture of the spleen was similar to the histology of adult spleen. Conclusion: A detailed knowledge of splenic morphometric dimensions, Histology and Histogenesis is crucial in deciphering the role of spleen in fetal development and fetal wellbeing. Key words: spleen, hematopoietic, microscopic,  fetal

The spleen is a largest collection of lymphoid tissue with diverse hemopoietic and phagocytic function. Recent experimental data have clearly defined immunological functions of spleen in innate and adaptive immunity, as a frontline of host defense against various infections. A comprehensive knowledge of splenic anatomical variations and morphometric dimensions is crucial in deciphering the role of spleen in health & infirmity. The aim of the study is to perform detailed morphometric analysis human splenic specimens with relation to age & gender differences and compare the findings with earlier studies. The present study included 40 cadaveric spleen and morphometric features i.e., length, breadth, width and weight of spleen were measured. The average splenic weight observed was 178.5 gm and range was 100 to 300 gm. The average length, breadth and width of spleen were 11.9 cm, 7.33 cm and 3.4 cm respectively. The average splenic volume in the present study was 167.27 cc. There was a significant increase in splenic volume till 40-49 years followed by steady decline. The awareness of the morphology and dimensions of the spleen is of fundamental importance to the hematologists, clinicians, radiologists, prosectors and surgeons while performing surgical procedures on spleen.

Introduction:The pulmonary veins play an important role in the pulmonary circulation by receiving oxygenated blood from the Lungs and delivering it to the left atrium. Pulmonary vein anatomy piqued curiosity of researchers off late after the discovery of its role in genesis of atrial arrhythmias and increased incidence of pulmonary hypertension in COPD. The congenital variations in number of pulmonary veins and their drainage patterns, encompass a wide spectrum of anomalies and are not uncommon in general population. The aim of the study was to observe the variations in the number of pulmonary veins and pulmonary ostia. Material and Methods:The present study was done on 25 formalin fixed hearts aged 18-70 years, obtained from the department of anatomy, Sri Padmavathi Medical college for women, Tirupathi. These hearts were observed for the number of pulmonary veins, their drainage into left atrium, variations in pulmonary ostia on right and left sides and were compared with previous studies. Results:Out of the 25 specimens studied, 23 hearts (92%) had normal pattern of four pulmonary veins, two from each lung extending to the left atrium and opening into it via two separate pulmonary ostia, on either side. In 2 (8%) out of 25 specimens, variations in the number of pulmonary veins and the pulmonary ostia were observed. Conclusion:The awareness of the variant anatomy of pulmonary veins and their drainage is of paramount importance to Radiologists, Electrophysiologist and Cardio thoracic surgeons while performing surgical procedures on Heart.