Elasticfactor eg, an averaged-normal-stress-to-flow-stress ratio over the plastic region, was defined to simulate three-dimensional (3D) effects in twodimensional (2D) models. For crack lengths and uncracked ligament lengths greater than four times the thickness, the global constraint factor was found to be nearly a unique function of a normalized stress-intensity factor (related to plastic-zone-size-to-thickness ratio) from small-to large-scale yielding conditions for various specimen types and thickness.For crack-length-to-thickness ratios less than four, the global constraint factor was specimen type, crack length and thickness dependent. Using a 2D strip-yield model and the global constraint factors, plastic-zone sizes and crack-tip displacements agreed reasonably well with the 3D analyses.For a thin sheet aluminum alloy, the critical crack-tip-opening angle during stable tearing was found to be independent of specimen type and crack length for crack-length-to-thickness ratios greater than 4.
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