Gender norms, roles and relations differentially affect women, men, and non-binary individuals' vulnerability to disease. Outbreak response measures also have immediate and long-term gendered effects. However, gender-based analysis of outbreaks and responses is limited by lack of data and little integration of feminist analysis within global health scholarship. Recognising these barriers, this paper applies a gender matrix methodology, grounded in feminist political economy approaches, to evaluate the gendered effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and response in four case studies: China, Hong Kong, Canada, and the UK. Through a rapid scoping of documentation of the gendered effects of the outbreak, it applies the matrix framework to analyse findings, identifying common themes across the case studies: financial discrimination, crisis in care, and unequal risks and secondary effects. Results point to transnational structural conditions which put women on the front lines of the pandemic at work and at home while denying them health, economic and personal securityeffects that are exacerbated where racism and other forms of discrimination intersect with gender inequities. Given that women and people living at the intersections of multiple inequities are made additionally vulnerable by pandemic responses, intersectional feminist responses should be prioritised at the beginning of any crises.

INTRODUCTION A virtual clinic is a form of telemedicine where contact between clinical teams and patients occur without face-toface consultation. Our study aims to quantify the clinical, financial and environmental benefits of our virtual urology clinic. MATERIAL AND METHODS We collected data prospectively from our weekly follow-up virtual clinic over a continuous four-month period between July and September 2017. RESULTS In total, we reviewed 409 patients. Following virtual clinic consultation, 68.5% of our patients were discharged from further follow-up. The majority of our patients (male 57.7%, female 55.5%) were of working age. The satisfaction scores were high, at 90.1%, and there were no reported adverse events as a result of using the virtual clinic. Our calculated cost savings were £18,744, with a predicted 12-month cost saving of £56,232. The creation of additional face-to-face clinic capacity has created an estimated 12-month increase in tariff generation for our unit of £72,072. In total, 4623 travel miles were avoided by patients using the virtual clinic, with an estimated avoided carbon footprint of 0.35-1.45 metric tonnes of CO 2e , depending on mode of transport. Our predicted 12-month avoided carbon footprint is 1.04-4.04 metric tonnes of CO 2e. CONCLUSIONS Our virtual clinic model has demonstrated a trifecta of positive outcomes, namely, clinical, financial and environmental benefits. The environmental importance and benefits of a virtual clinic should be promoted as a social enterprise value when engaging stakeholders in setting up such a urological service. We propose the adoption of our virtual clinic model in those urological units considering this method of telemedicine.

This article is available online at http://www.jlr.org states and may be linked to other abnormalities in liver metabolism and function. Indeed, in a subset of individuals, hepatic steatosis can progress to liver injury, dysfunction, and failure. Intrahepatic lipid accumulation is also usually highly correlated with systemic insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemias, and risk of cardiovascular disease. Hepatic steatosis is extremely prevalent in obese individuals, and with the epidemic of obesity, the occurrence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has risen dramatically, becoming the most common cause of liver disease in the United States ( 1, 2 ).The primary storage form of lipid is TG, which, in the liver, is predominantly synthesized via the sequential acylation and dephosphorylation of glycerol-3-phosphate. In higher organisms, three genes ( Lpin1 , Lpin2 , and Lpin3 ) encode canonical enzymes that catalyze the Mg 2+ -dependent dephosphorylation of phosphatidic acid (PA) to form diacylglycerol (DAG) at the endoplasmic reticulum ( 3, 4 ). The phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAP) reaction is not only the penultimate step in TG synthesis, but also a key metabolic branch point. Alterations in PA and DAG concentrations have been linked to regulation of important intracellular signaling cascades including protein kinase C ( 5, 6 ), protein kinase A ( 7 ), ERK MAPK kinase ( 8 ), and the molecular target of rapamycin ( 9-11 ). The regulation of PA and DAG concentrations has potentially important implications for hepatic nutrient homeostasis under conditions of fasting and overnutrition. Indeed, acute RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated depletion of lipin 1 or lipin 2 in mice fed a high-fat diet attenuated hepatic steatosis and led to improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity ( 12, 13 ).Lipins are not integral membrane proteins, and lipin 1 can translocate into the nucleus and also interact with Abstract Lipin proteins (lipin 1, 2, and 3) regulate glycerolipid homeostasis by acting as phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase (PAP) enzymes in the TG synthesis pathway and by regulating DNA-bound transcription factors to control gene transcription. Hepatic PAP activity could contribute to hepatic fat accumulation in response to physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. To examine the role of lipin 1 in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, we generated mice that are defi cient in lipin-1-encoded PAP activity in a liver-specifi c manner (Alb-Lpin1 ؊ / ؊ mice). This allele of lipin 1 was still able to transcriptionally regulate the expression of its target genes encoding fatty acid oxidation enzymes, and the expression of these genes was not affected in Alb-Lpin1 ؊ / ؊ mouse liver. Hepatic PAP activity was signifi cantly reduced in mice with liver-specifi c lipin 1 defi ciency. However, hepatocytes from Alb-Lpin1 ؊ / ؊ mice had normal rates of TG synthesis, and steady-state hepatic TG levels were unaffected under fed and fasted conditions. Furthermore, Alb-Lpin1 ؊ / ؊ mice were not protected from intrahepatic accum...

Evidence shows that infectious disease outbreaks are not gender-neutral, meaning that women, men, and gender minorities are differentially affected. This evidence affirms the need to better incorporate a gender lens into infectious disease outbreaks. Despite this evidence, there has been a historic neglect of gender-based analysis in health, including during health crises. Recognizing the lack of available evidence on gender and pandemics, in early 2020 the [Name retracted] project set out to use a gender analysis matrix to conduct rapid, real-time analyses while the pandemic was unfolding to examine the gendered effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper reports on what a gender analysis matrix is, how it can be used to systematically conduct a gender analysis, how it was implemented within the study, ways in which the findings from the matrix were applied and built upon, and challenges encountered when using the matrix methodology.

Rationale and Objective: Three-dimensional (3D) printing allows innovative solutions for personal protective equipment, particularly in times of crisis. Our goal was to generate an N95-alternative 3D-printed respirator that passed Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-certified quantitative fit testing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: 3D printed prototypes for N95 solutions were created based on the design of commercial N95 respirators. Computed tomography imaging was performed on an anthropomorphic head phantom wearing a commercially available N95 respirator and these facial contour data was used in mask prototyping. Prototypes were generated using rigid and flexible polymers. According to OSHA standards, prototypes underwent subsequent quantitative respirator fit testing on volunteers who passed fit tests on commercial N95 respirators. Results: A total of 10 prototypes were 3D printed using both rigid (n = 5 designs) and flexible materials (n = 5 designs), Prototypes generated with rigid printing materials (n = 5 designs) did not pass quantitative respirator fit testing. Three of the five prototypes with flexible materials failed quantitative fit testing. The final two prototypes designs passed OSHA-certified quantitative fit tests with an overall mean fit factor of 138 (passing is over 100). Conclusion: Through rapid prototyping, 3D printed N95 alternative masks were designed with topographical facial computed tomography data to create mask facial contour and passed OSHA-certified quantitative respiratory testing when flexible polymer was used. This mask design may provide an alternative to disposable N95 respirators in case of pandemic-related shortages. Furthermore, this approach may allow customization for those that would otherwise fail fit testing on standard commercial respirators.