Andrographolide is a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone derived from extracts of Andrographis paniculata, a plant indigenous to South Asian countries that shows anti-inflammatory properties. The molecular and cellular bases for this immunomodulatory capacity remain unknown. Here, we show that andrographolide is able to down-modulate both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses. In vitro, this molecule was able to interfere with T cell proliferation and cytokine release in response to allogenic stimulation. These results were consistent with the observation that T cell activation by dendritic cells (DCs) was completely abolished by exposing DCs to andrographolide during antigen pulse. This molecule was able to interfere with maturation of DCs and with their ability to present antigens to T cells. Furthermore, in vivo immune responses such as antibody response to a thymus-dependent antigen and delayed-type hypersensitivity were drastically diminished in mice by andrographolide treatment. Finally, the ability of andrographolide to inhibit T cell activation was applied to interfere with the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that is primarily mediated by CD4 ϩ T cells and serves as an animal model for human multiple sclerosis. Treatment with andrographolide was able to significantly reduce EAE symptoms in mice by inhibiting T cell and antibody responses directed to myelin antigens. Our data suggest that andrographolide is able to efficiently block T cell activation in vitro, as well as in vivo, a feature that could be useful for interfering with detrimental T cell responses.

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El presente artículo resume los principales hallazgos de un estudio cuyo principal objetivo era determinar el nivel de desarrollo alcanzado por los egresados de pedagogía en Lenguaje y Matemáticas, los factores que lo explicarían y su vinculación con las acciones remediales implementadas por las instituciones formadoras. Los resultados indican que la variación entre ingreso y egreso es baja, aunque se aprecian avances en el comportamiento de Lenguaje y algunas dimensiones que componen las habilidades básicas. Se detecta una baja vinculación de estos resultados con las acciones remediales identificadas, tanto en las instituciones como en las personas.

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Resumen la guerra del Pacífico (1879-1884) que enfrentó a Perú y Bolivia contra de Chile, representa un conflicto armado marcado por las políticas realistas de imponer el interés nacional, frente a otros estados, alterando el equilibrio político regional, bajo la justificación de las reivindicaciones territoriales. esta política no sólo afectó a los beligerantes, sino que a otros países que pudieron sumarse en la confrontación buscando cambiar su status quo. ecuador representa esta consideración, en cuanto a que su participación pudo consolidar su frontera sur con Perú, pendiente desde de la emancipación. ¿Fue la debilidad política interna la que no permitió concretar una posible intervención? en las siguientes páginas se estudiará este proceso histórico, desde la óptica del realismo clásico presente en las relaciones internacionales, donde el escenario interno de un país, es determinante en la proyección de su política exterior. Palabras clave: interés nacional; Guerra del Pacífico; política exterior ecuatoriana. AbstractThe War of the Pacific (1879-1884) which pitted Peru and Bolivia against Chile, represents an armed conflict marked by the realism policies that impose national interest, in the presence of other states, altering the regional political balance under the justification of territorial claims. This policy affected not only the belligerents, but also other countries that could join the confrontation, seeking to change their status quo. ecuador represents this reflexion, in that its participation could strengthen its southern border with Peru, pending since independence from Spain. Was it the internal political weakness that did not allow them to specify a possible intervention? This historical process, from the perspective of classical realism in international relations, where a country's domestic scene is a decisive factor in the projection of its foreign policy will be studied in the following pages.

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