No abstract

Hot-pressure extraction (HPE), which is regarded as a "green" technology, was applied to extract nutrients (protein, collagen, and minerals) from chicken bone residue (CBR). Amino acids (AA), color, and volatile flavor compounds of chicken bone extract (CBE) were also investigated. Results showed that contents of protein, total soluble solids, minerals, and collagen of CBE were positively correlated with extraction time and temperature. High ratios of protein (83.51%) and collagen (96.81%) were obtained with 135 °C and 120 min. Essential AA accounted for 31.03% to 47.73% of total AA in CBE. The percentage of bitter AA in TAA decreased from 28.94% to 25.02% at 0 min to 20.19% and 21.41% at 120 min, although fresh AA increased from 46.35% to 50.84% (0 min) to 53.14% (120 min) at 130 and 135 °C, respectively, indicating CBE was nutritionally beneficial with good flavor. Color and volatile flavor of CBE improved significantly after extraction, although calcium in CBE (4.2 to 4.8 mg/100 g) was relatively low compared with that of CBR (1078 mg/100 g). It can be concluded that HPE is a promising way to transform CBR into a nutritious flavorant substrate, but it is not an efficient way to extract calcium.

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We present the efficient synthesis and photovoltaic response of a linearly conjugated molecule DT-DPP (AAnAT) 2 which contains a dithienyldiketopyrrolopyrrole core, symmetrically connected through a 9,10-anthracenyl unit to 3-alkylthiophene via an acetylene linkage. The new compound is crystalline with a T m of 204 o C. The ascast film shows a main broad absorption at 650 nm with a shoulder at 737 nm, tailing till ca. 800 nm. The HOMO level was estimated as about -5.26 eV, derived from the first reversible electron oxidation wave at ~0.93 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The pristine film shows a SCLC hole mobil-Keywords: acetylene • anthracene • dithienyldiketopyrrolopyrrole • organic solar cells • small molecule ity of ~2.90  10 4 cm 2 V 1 s 1 . The preliminary characterization of simple BHJ solar cells provides a PCE of ≈4.0% with V OC ≈ 0.77 V, J SC ≈ 10.0 mA cm 2 and FF ≈ 52%, based on the as-cast active layer without processing additive or solvent vapor annealing. Thermal annealing the active layer at a mild temperature of 50 °C increased the PCE to 4.39% due mainly to the improvement of FF.